The people of China built the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, which is the highest railway in the world. At the same time, the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has also set a series of new world railway records.
1. Qinghai-Tibet Railway is the highest plateau railway in the world: the railway runs 960 kilometers above 4000 meters above sea level, with the highest point at 5072 meters above sea level.
2. The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is also the longest plateau railway in the world: the Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway passes through Gobi desert, swamp wetland and snowy mountain grassland, with a total mileage of 1 142 km.
3. Qinghai-Tibet Railway is also the longest plateau railway crossing permafrost in the world: the railway crosses permafrost with a mileage of 550 kilometers.
Tanggula Mountain Railway Station is the highest railway station in the world at an altitude of 5068 meters.
Wind-volcano tunnel at an altitude of 4,905 meters is the highest frozen soil tunnel in the world.
6. The Kunlun Mountain Tunnel with a total length of1.686m is the longest plateau frozen soil tunnel in the world.
7. Ando Pujia base at an altitude of 4,704 meters is the highest Pujia base in the world.
8. With a total length of 1 1.7 km, qingshui river bridge is the longest railway bridge on the plateau and frozen soil in the world.
9. After the completion of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the speed of the frozen section will reach 100 km, and the speed of the non-frozen section will reach 120 km, which is the highest speed of trains on the frozen railway in the world at present.
The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started construction on June 29th, 20001year, and was put into trial operation in July, 2006. (End)
How to ensure the free migration of wild animals on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the habitat of rare wild animals in China. In order not to affect the free migration of wild animals, the construction unit of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has established 33 wildlife passages along the route.
The setting of wildlife passage has existed for a long time in foreign engineering construction, and it has even been regulated by legal means. At present, European and American countries have formulated quite strict laws and regulations. Highway and railway projects crossing animal habitats can only be approved by the transportation department, and cannot be launched without the appraisal of the environmental protection department.
Countries around the world adopt different ways to build tunnels for wild animals: North America prefers to dig "underground tunnels" for wild animals, allowing small animals such as frogs and snakes to take tubular culverts, and large animals such as reindeer and wild sheep to cross bridges and underground culverts; Europe prefers to build a straddle-type "overpass" for large animals, and plant vegetation on it to simulate the natural hillside terrain. Europeans call it a "green bridge". Some international projects not only focus on large mammals and reptiles, but also begin to consider presetting special passages for birds and insects.
Huang, commander of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Command, said that in the design of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, in order not to affect the life and migration of wild animals, the railway line should be avoided from crossing nature reserves such as Hoh Xil and Qiangtang. At the same time, according to the living habits and migration laws of wild animals along the line, wildlife passages are set up in corresponding sections to ensure the normal life, migration and reproduction of wild animals.
According to Li Jincheng, the chief designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, there are 25 wildlife passages in Bei Tang and 8 wildlife passages in Donnan. For high mountains and mountain fauna, the passage above the tunnel is mainly used; For alpine grassland meadow fauna, it mainly takes the form of underpass and gentle slope of subgrade. It is the first time in the history of railway construction in China to build a wildlife passage.
The monitoring of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Command shows that Tibetan antelopes have adapted to the artificial migration environment, and a large number of Tibetan antelopes migrate freely through wildlife passages. (End)
Why is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway the first choice for entering Tibet?
During the construction of China's Tibet Railway, experts put forward four railway schemes, namely Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Qinghai to Tibet, Gansu-Tibet Railway from Gansu to Tibet, Sichuan-Tibet Railway from Sichuan to Tibet, and Yunnan-Tibet Railway from Yunnan to Tibet. Then, why is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway the first choice for entering Tibet?
According to Li Jincheng, chief designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, compared with other railways entering Tibet, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has obvious advantages.
First of all, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has the shortest construction mileage. As early as 1979, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has completed the first phase of the 845 km project from Xining to Golmud, Qinghai Province. The Golmud-Lhasa section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway approved by the State Council is110 km, which is the shortest compared with the Yunnan-Tibet line 1960 km, the Gansu-Tibet line 221km and the Sichuan-Tibet line 20 15 km. In addition, the completion and operation of the first phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has provided rich experience for the construction of the new line of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. ?
Secondly, the investment of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is small, because of its short mileage, slow terrain and few bridges and tunnels, which is the least among the four routes entering Tibet. According to the price level of 1995, the investment of Qinghai-Tibet Railway is less than 20 billion yuan, while the static investment of Yunnan-Tibet Railway is expected to be 65.4 billion yuan, the investment of Gansu-Tibet Railway is 64 billion yuan, and the investment of sichuan-tibet railway is 76.8 billion yuan.
The geological conditions of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway are relatively good, with the minimum engineering quantity, and the engineering technical difficulties have been basically solved. Compared with the length and density of bridges and tunnels on the four Tibet-entering lines, there are relatively few bridges and tunnels on the Qinghai-Tibet line. After years of research, experts have mastered some basic methods to solve the plateau frozen soil problem in Qinghai-Tibet railway engineering technology. ?
In addition, the Qinghai-Tibet line has the shortest construction period and can basically be opened to traffic all year round after completion. According to experts' calculations, it will take about 6 years to build the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, 32 years for the Gansu-Tibet Railway and the Yunnan-Tibet Railway, and 38 years for sichuan-tibet railway. According to the construction experience of Qinghai-Tibet Highway, Qinghai-Tibet Railway will not suffer from collapse, debris flow, landslide, geothermal and other disasters caused by complex geological conditions, and it is basically open to traffic all year round. ?
Therefore, national policymakers and experts have reached a consensus that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has the shortest mileage, the least investment, the fastest construction speed and the best geological conditions, and should be the first choice for entering Tibet. Apart from engineering and technical considerations, ending the history of Xizang Autonomous Region without railways, improving traffic conditions in Tibetan areas, speeding up the national economic development in Qinghai and Tibet provinces and promoting national unity are all important factors for the country to give priority to the Qinghai-Tibet railway. (End)
How to solve three world problems in Qinghai-Tibet railway construction
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway faces three major worldwide problems: cold and lack of oxygen, frozen soil and fragile ecology. After four years of continuous efforts, the builders of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway have made breakthrough progress in solving the three major world problems.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway has a total length of 1 100 km, crossing the no-man's land of Hoh Xil and Tanggula Mountain. In most areas, the oxygen content only accounts for about 50% of the sea level, and the extreme temperature can reach -40℃. Living and working in the plateau may cause life-threatening altitude sickness at any time.
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway adheres to the people-oriented principle and puts forward the slogan of "survival first, then production". Three-level medical institutions have been established along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and 1 15 medical institutions have been established, with more than 600 on-site medical staff. Employees can get effective treatment within half an hour of illness.
The construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway has created a great miracle in the history of human oxygen production. There are 0/7 oxygen stations/KLOC-along the line, and 40,000 employees are required to take oxygen for at least 2 hours every day on average. There are 25 hyperbaric oxygen chambers along the route. Due to the strong health guarantee, the rescue success rate of acute altitude sickness such as brain edema and pulmonary edema in the whole line reached 100%, and the incidence rate was basically stable at around 7‰. There was no death accident caused by altitude sickness.
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway runs through the permafrost region of 550 kilometers. Frozen soil refers to all kinds of rocks and soils with temperatures below 0℃ and containing ice. Frozen soil expands when it freezes in winter and contracts when it melts in summer. The repeated action of these two phenomena will lead to subgrade cracking or collapse.
Experts creatively adopted corresponding countermeasures to solve the problem of frozen soil construction: try to avoid the areas and routes where bad frozen soil phenomena develop; For high temperature and extremely unstable permafrost regions, "bridge instead of road" is adopted; In the construction, various facilities, such as hot rods, flaky ventilation subgrade, flaky ventilation berm, ventilation tube subgrade and laying insulation board, were adopted to improve the stability of frozen soil subgrade. Qinghai-Tibet Railway can be called the "museum" of frozen soil engineering.
Zhang said, head of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Expert Group: "It is unlikely that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will suffer from large-scale frozen soil engineering diseases in the future, and its running speed can reach 100 km per hour, which is expected to achieve the three major goals of the Ministry of Railways, namely, the shortest train running time, maintenance-free running equipment and basically unmanned management along the line."
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the birthplace of the world's great rivers, and its ecological environment is primitive, unique and fragile. When designing the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, we should pay attention to minimizing the ecological impact. In the nature reserve, the railway line is planned according to the principle of "taking as few detours as possible", and the site selection of the construction site, service road and gravel yard of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is determined through repeated reconnaissance, so as to avoid destroying vegetation as much as possible. For areas where vegetation is difficult to grow, the method of sectional transplantation is adopted during construction. In order to ensure the normal life, migration and reproduction of wild animals, 33 wildlife passages have been built along the whole line. The environmental protection investment of Qinghai-Tibet railway construction is about 1 1 100 million yuan.
Investigations by the State Environmental Protection Administration and other departments show that since the construction of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway started, the water environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been kept in a good state, and the ecological environment has not been significantly affected. (End)
What can I feel by taking the plateau train?
After the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was opened to traffic in July 2006, what can you feel by taking the future plateau train?
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway runs for 960 kilometers above 4000 meters above sea level. According to Li Jincheng, the chief designer of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, there are 34 stations in the first section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, including 9 sightseeing platforms. Each sightseeing platform will specially build a platform with a length of 500 meters and a height of 1.25 meters for passengers to look at from a distance. This railway line with the highest altitude in the world passes through three mountains: Kunlun Mountain, Tanggula Mountain and Nyainqentanglha Mountain, and meanders along the Three Rivers, Wetlands and Cuona Lake. The magnificent scenery is incomparable. Setting up a sightseeing platform is a unique creative stroke in the history of railway construction. If you take the sightseeing train on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, you can stop at every scenic spot to take pictures.
According to the person in charge of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Company, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has transplanted and cultivated tens of millions of square meters of turf on both sides of the subgrade, becoming a green corridor across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At the same time, the building, station name and some tunnels of the station fully reflect the Tibetan cultural characteristics, which makes the railway integrate with the beautiful natural environment along the line and become a beautiful landscape. After opening, the train speed can reach 120km in general sections and 100km in frozen soil sections. This means that the travel time from Golmud in Qinghai to Lhasa in Tibet will not exceed 12 hours.
The locomotives running on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway are specially made, and the fully enclosed trains not only have the function of boosting and increasing oxygen, but also provide passengers with services such as catering, ethnic customs performance and medical treatment. BSP is a joint venture of Canadian Bombardier Company in Qingdao, China, and will jointly manufacture the first batch of passenger cars on the Qinghai-Tibet Railway with South Four-Car Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. According to Zhang Jianwei, chief representative of Bombardier China, due to the special geographical environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the configuration of trains on the plateau is almost the same as that of airplanes. Each train is equipped with two oxygen supply systems. One set can increase the oxygen content of each train by 23% by mixing the air in the air conditioning system, and the other set can let passengers directly use independent interfaces to absorb oxygen. Sightseeing luxury trains have beautifully decorated single rooms or family rooms, comfortable sofas and chairs with adjustable directions, observation windows with ultraviolet protective films, and thoughtful service. Passengers are like staying in a five-star hotel. (End