In the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School founded some civilian industries with the slogan of "seeking wealth". For example, the ship investment promotion bureau founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai, the Hanyang Iron Works founded by Zhang Zhidong, and the layout of weaving in Hubei.
The Westernization Movement, also known as the self-help movement, lasted from 186 1 (from the end of the tenth year of Xianfeng) to 1894 (19, from the 1960s to the 1990s). The slogan in the early stage is "learn from foreigners and strengthen yourself", and the slogan in the later stage is "learn from foreigners and get rich".
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The positive role of Westernization Movement?
First, the military?
After the military fiasco, the Westernization School, which has always advocated learning from foreigners to control foreigners, realized that military innovation is the foundation of enriching the country, so it put forward the slogan of "self-improvement". The Westernization School focused on the construction of military industry. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and resist the foreign powers, the Westernization School established Tianjin and Jiangnan Machine Works successively, and established ordnance schools to train technical personnel who can use new weapons.
At the same time, modern weapons also need modern transportation, which promotes the establishment of shipyards and telegraph offices, as well as the construction of transportation equipment and railways. They also opened a number of military schools, such as Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy and Weihai Naval Academy, which made great contributions to China's modern national defense. Westernization also pushed public opinion and created a new navy. The development of emerging military industry has played an important role in resisting the invasion of foreign powers.
For example, in 1876, Zuo led troops to recover Ili in Xinjiang, which greatly dispelled the arrogance of western powers. 1884, the victory of the Sino-French war town Nanguan shocked China and foreign countries. The self-improvement movement of the Westernization School enhanced the national defense strength, promoted the military process of China's modernization, and effectively curbed the pace of aggression by western powers. ?
Second, industry?
From 1870 to 1890, it was the second stage of the Westernization Movement, and the Westernization School put forward the slogan of "seeking wealth", focusing on setting up private industries. During this period, the Westernization School vigorously developed civil enterprises such as textile, steelmaking, mining and shipping. In addition to the inherent government-run mode, it also adopts the mode of government-supervised business-run, government-business joint venture, such as the establishment of China Shipping Merchants, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Woven Layout and so on.
At the beginning of the enterprise, Westernization School introduced advanced machines, equipment and technology from the west and hired foreign technicians to guide it. Although Westernization enterprises were restricted in many aspects, the establishment of many Westernization civil enterprises greatly promoted the great changes in China's production technology and brought the dawn of modern industrial civilization to China. ?
Under the influence of Westernization Movement, some landlords and businessmen in China began to invest in new industries, which can be said to be the beginning of capitalist industry and commerce in China, such as Jichanglong Machine Silk Factory founded by overseas Chinese businessman Chen Qiyuan. These industries laid the foundation for the development of modern industry, and the bourgeoisie began to breed at this stage. ?
Third, education?
The Westernization Movement encouraged the establishment of "new learning", which accelerated the disintegration of the feudal imperial examination system to some extent. The establishment of Shi Jing Wentong Museum has trained a number of translators and diplomats and reserved a certain number of talents for the modernization of education in China. The Qing government also sent overseas students to study abroad in batches to make suggestions for the development of China after they returned home.
For example, Zhan Tianyou studied in the United States when he was a child. After returning to China, he presided over the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway and other railway projects, and was hailed as the first chief railway engineer in China. A series of educational exploration measures have started and promoted the modernization of education in China. ?
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