In 1960s and 1990s, under the attack of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the peasant uprising of Nian Army, the Qing government was defeated by foreign invaders again in the Second Opium War. Faced with this situation, some people of insight in the feudal ruling class camp, such as: among the central officials, the prime minister and minister of yamen Yi? Among the local officials, there are university students, assistant ministers, Zeng Guofan, governor of Liangjiang, Zuo, governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili, and Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang. I feel that foreign countries are "powerful" and realize that no matter how to save the nation from peril and safeguard our own rule, we can no longer stick to the old "ancestral law." The only way is to learn from the west and introduce advanced things. They also inherited Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan's thought of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and formed a trend of western learning with the purpose of saving the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, resisting aggression and constantly striving for self-improvement, taking the introduction of advanced western production technology as the main content, and taking "learning from China as the body and using western learning" as the purpose. Historically known as "Westernization Movement", it was formerly known as "Tongguang New Deal" (referring to Tongzhi and Guangxu)

At the beginning of the Westernization Movement, under the slogan of "self-improvement", we built a modern military industry and trained a new navy. At the end of the eleventh year of Xianfeng (186 1), Zeng Guofan set up an "internal ordnance institute" in Anqing. "Making foreign guns and guns is the starting point for the Westernization School to set up military industry. Tongzhi for three years (1864), Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute moved to Nanjing with the army. Although Anqing Ordnance Institute was dominated by handicrafts, it was the main weapon supply center of the Qing army at that time.

In June of the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, on the basis of the material, human and technical experience of Anqing Ordnance Institute and Shanghai and Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau, bought a seven-level ironworks founded by an American in Hongkou, Shanghai, and incorporated the "tools for making utensils" bought by Yung from the United States into it, and formally established the "Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau", as follows. Cole, the original owner of the Seventh Machinery Factory, is the technical director of the bureau. All its matters were initially planned by Richang, inspector of Shanghai Customs Road, and then supervised by Shen Baojing, Hubei Auxiliary Road. The initial capital is about 200,000. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau moved from Hongkou to Gaochangmiao Town, south of Shanghai, and expanded. In the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), * * * built 15 factories, and added a dialect hall, an artillery battalion, an engineering department and more than a dozen affiliated institutions. Two million taels of silver have been used for the construction funds. Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau is engaged in arms production, shipbuilding, machine building, translation of scientific books and training foreign language talents. The guns and ammunition manufactured are supplied to the north and south for garrison, "all over the country, reaching 70 or 80 sets" (mainly Xiang Army and Huai Army). In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Li Hongzhang moved the Suzhou Foreign Artillery Bureau hosted by Magli to Yuhuatai, Nanjing, and expanded it into Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, which mainly produced foreign guns, cannons, bullets and munitions. By the first half of the 1980s, there were more than a dozen factories, which cost about 500,000 yuan. The guns and ammunition manufactured are mainly supplied to the garrison in the Southern Ocean and the Northern Ocean. Tongzhi for five years (1866), Zuo founded the Shipping Bureau in Fuzhou, and Shen Baozhen took over. The Bureau of Shipping Affairs consists of three parts: iron works, shipyards and schools. At the beginning, French Riyige and Dekebei were appointed as deputy supervisors, and workers were employed 1700 to 2,000. It was originally planned to build 16 ships within five years, with an initial capital of more than 400,000 taels and a monthly shipbuilding cost of 53 taels. Production started in Tongzhi eight years (1869), and in Tongzhi thirteen years (1874), * * * built 15 ships. At this time, the Maritime Bureau has 16 factory and 3 slipways, and has used1352,000 silver successively. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), the shipping bureau was presided over by students from the Art Bureau and began to imitate old wooden boats. From the second year of Guangxu (1876), a new type of mechanical iron-threatened ship with 750 horsepower was built, and in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), three ocean-going clippers with 2400 horsepower and a displacement of 2200 tons were built for the Nanyang Navy. Tongzhi for six years (1867), Gong Xin Wang Yi? According to records, Chonghou, Minister of Commerce and Trade of the Three Kingdoms, established the "Tianjin Ordnance Machinery Bureau" in Tianjin. In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili, took over and renamed Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau. Soon, Li Hongzhang dismissed the foreign general manager Mister and appointed Shen Baojing as the general manager. Tianjin Machinery Bureau mainly produces gunpowder, guns and bullets, which are supplied to Huai Army and Zhili for training. By the first half of 1980s, silver165438+200,000 yuan had been used.

During the same period, many arsenals were set up in various places, "only one province copied them, but it is impossible for all provinces to use them." By the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the Qing government had set up 20 factories and bureaus. Except for Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, the other 19 factories and bureaus were distributed in 12 provinces and regions all over the country. During the 30 years from 1960s to 1990s, the Westernization School established military industry, and spent 45 million taels of silver, all of which was paid by the state treasury. All bureaus and factories are owned by the government; The guns, ammunition and ships produced were allocated by the Qing government and distributed to Hunan, Huai army and coastal provinces for use; There are many officials in various factories and bureaus, and the institutions are huge. The Westernization School first hired foreigners to establish Westernization.

In the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School also planned to build a new navy. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng (186 1 year), Prince Gong played? Ask the British to "help buy warships made in Europe." In the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Su Shiguang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, agreed that Britain should buy warships from Britain. In the second year of Tongzhi (1863), a fleet of eight ships arrived in Shanghai led by British naval officers. Because the British seized the command of the China navy, the Qing government refused to accept it and the fleet was dissolved. The Qing government failed to build a navy with 65,438 silver and 0.6 million yuan. In the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), the Qing government approved Zuo's proposal of "setting up a bureau to supervise shipbuilding" and decided that Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau should focus on shipbuilding and build warships to equip the navy. During the ten years of Tongzhi (187 1), the two factories built several warships such as Huiji, Deep Sea, Jiang Cao, Evergreen and Fuxing respectively. In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Ding Richang proposed to set up three naval divisions: Beiyang, Dongyang and Nanyang. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), Shen Baozhen, governor of Liangjiang and Li Hongzhang, governor of Zhili, initiated and approved by the government office of the Prime Minister, set aside 42 million yuan as naval military expenditure preparation, and prepared to build three navies of South, North and Guangdong within ten years. Later, due to limited financial resources, it was decided to "first create a navy army in Beiyang". After Shen Baozhen's death, the naval power was concentrated in the hands of Li Hongzhang, who was in charge. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), a naval academy was established in Tianjin to train naval officers of Beiyang Department. At the same time, two armored ships, Dingyuan and Zhenyuan, were purchased from Germany for 3 million taels of silver. In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Li Hongzhang appointed Ding to command the Beiyang Navy. In the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), Sanyo Navy took shape, with about 19 warships in Nanyang Navy, 0/5 warships in Beiyang Navy and 0/0/0 warships in Fujian Navy. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the Sino-French war broke out in June, and in August, the French Far East Fleet destroyed all the ships of Fujian Navy and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, and the Nanyang Navy also suffered losses. Only Li Hongzhang's Beiyang Navy has preserved its strength. Li Hongzhang also ordered Zhiyuan and Jingyuan ships from Britain, and bought Jingyuan and Laiyuan ships from Germany, which strengthened the strength of Beiyang Navy. Around this time, Li Hongzhang built Dagu and Lushun Wharf for repairing armored ships. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), Beiyang Navy was formally established, with Ding Ren as the prefect and 22 warships under its jurisdiction. Military training is controlled by the British and Germans. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Beiyang Navy was completely annihilated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, ending the history of Beiyang Navy.

The Westernization School needs a huge sum of money in the activities of setting up military industry, which makes them feel that "it is not enough to explore" and that foreign capitalism relies on industry and commerce to get rich, and "seeking wealth" is the premise of "seeking strength". Therefore, the Westernization School imitated the West and carried out the activities of "seeking wealth" to set up civilian industries in order to achieve "prospering business and serving the country deeply"

Since the 1970s, the Westernization School has set up civilian industries, including mining, refining, textile and transportation, in the form of official-run, official-supervised and commercial-run, and official-commercial joint ventures. By the mid-1990s, * * * had set up dozens of enterprises.

In the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872), Li Hongzhang sent Zhu Qi 'ang, a member of the Water Transport Committee, to set up China Merchants Bureau, which was the beginning of the Westernization School's establishment of civil industry. China Merchants Ship Administration invested more than 732,000 shares, and the customs allocated10.9 million official funds, which were supervised by the official and commercial office. The general administration is located in Shanghai, with docks in Shanghai and Tianjin to transport rice on behalf of the government. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), Li Hongzhang sent Tang to organize Kaiping Mining Bureau. In the third year of Guangxu (1877), it was formally established in Kaiping, with more than 800,000 silver investment shares. In the third year of Guangxu (1878), the well was opened. The following year, foreign machines were used to mine according to the new method. In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Kaiping Mining Bureau "produced 500 to 600 tons of coal every day". After more than ten years, the mining volume increased, "one or two thousand tons of coal can be produced every day", and "the coal quality is excellent, ranking first". In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), Li Hongzhang tried to send a telegram to Tianjin in Dagu and Beitang Haikou Fort, "ordering all battalions to respond immediately". In September of the 6th year of Guangxu (1880), Li Hongzhang set up the General Administration of Telegraph in Tianjin, with Sheng Xuanhuai as the general manager. The telegraph line went south from Tianjin along the canal to Shanghai and other places, and later lines from Shanghai to Nanjing and Nanjing to Hankou were established. In April, the eighth year of Guangxu (1882), the telegraph office was changed into an official and commercial office. China Merchants Stock 800,000. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the General Administration of Telegraph moved to Shanghai and set up telegraph branches in various places. In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), that is, the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the General Administration of Telegraph, telegraph lines have spread all over the country. In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Mohe Gold Mine in Heilongjiang Province was established, with 72,000 silver shares and 0/30,000 silver official funds. Li Hongzhang sent Li Jinyong, Jilin's alternate magistrate, to handle this matter. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), new machines were used to mine, and the annual gold output was 1896 1 2. In the same year, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, presided over the establishment of Hanyang Iron Works, with the Qing government contributing 2 million taels of silver. In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), construction started under Dabie Mountain, and in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), ten factories were built. The government didn't have the money, etc. Later, Sheng Xuanhuai took over and changed it into an official and commercial office. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), Li Hongzhang and Shen Baozhen, the governor of Liangjiang, began to discuss the layout of Shanghai weaving. In the fifth year of Guangxu (1879), it was organized by Zheng, and was established in the eighth year of Guangxu (1882). The investment shares amounted to 502,000 yuan, in the form of joint venture between government and business. The bureau enjoys a patent of 10 years, and folk imitation is not allowed. In the 16th year of Guangxu (1890), construction started and business was booming. In the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), a fire broke out, and the loss was about 702,000 silver. In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), Huasheng Textile General Factory was established, with ten branches. In the 16th year of Guangxu, when Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Huguang, he moved the original Guangdong weaving layout to Wuchang and created the Hubei weaving layout. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), at the end of August, when Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, he decided to set up a textile layout in Guangdong, and then Zhang Feng moved the textile layout to Hubei. Due to the difficulty in organizing funds, Zhang Zhidong borrowed money from HSBC in England160,000 taels, and in the seventeenth year of Guangxu (189 1).

In the twenty years after the 1970s, the Westernization School successively established 4 1 capitalist enterprises. By the twentieth year of Guangxu (1 894), there were still 30, with a total capital of about 39 million yuan. This is China's early bureaucratic capital.

In addition, since the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Westernization School has successively established more than 20 modern schools, such as Shi Jing Wentongtang, Shanghai Dialect Hall, Fujian Ship Administration School and Tianjin Naval Academy, to cultivate foreign languages and modern scientific and technological talents. From the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872) to the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), the Qing government also sent nearly 200 overseas students to European and American countries.

With the collapse of Beiyang Navy in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Westernization Movement also declared bankruptcy.