From the defeat of China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the western powers coveted China, and by the end of 65438-09, the western powers set off a craze to carve up China. With the deepening of war reparations, the people were overwhelmed and eventually led to the Boxer Rebellion. The Qing government was at home and abroad, unable to resist, so the western powers became even more presumptuous and took advantage of the fish in troubled waters in an attempt to conquer China.

The cause of war

Empress Dowager Cixi and the Enemy of Foreigners

From 65438 to 0898, Emperor Guangxu appointed Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to carry out the Reform Movement of 1898, but failed because of opposition from conservatives. Cixi town eight-nation alliance

Suppress the reform movement and put Emperor Guangxu under house arrest in Yingtai. Countries sympathized with the reformists and helped Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao escape from China. Cixi wanted to depose Emperor Guangxu, but she was afraid to act because of opposition from all countries, and she held a grudge. In addition, foreign powers tried to carve up China, renting harbors in succession and dividing their spheres of influence, which also increased Cixi's xenophobia.

Boxer uprising

Boxer boxing is a boxing organization in Shandong province, which was used by Shandong Governor Yu Xian to fight against the church and intimidate its members to leave the church. After being persecuted by foreign countries, Yuan Shikai was sent to Shandong to be banned, and the Boxers fled to all parts of Zhuozhou outside Beijing. At that time, Cixi trusted the ignorant conservative minister and actually listened to Yuxian's words, believing that members of the group could be "invulnerable" and that guns would not hurt people, and encouraged Cixi to use the Boxer Rebellion to exclude foreigners. Empress Dowager Cixi sent the military minister to Zhuozhou to inspect, but she was resolute and called Cixi "the Boxer Rebellion from heaven destroyed the ocean". Therefore, the Boxer Rebellion entered the Forbidden City in Beijing under the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Boxers killed foreigners and Christians everywhere, burned churches, tore down power lines, destroyed railways and occupied Tianjin Concession. Ministers of various countries asked the Qing court to ban the Boxer Rebellion, but there was no response.

Edit this paragraph: Allied invasion.

With the rapid development of the Boxer Rebellion in Zhili and Beijing and Tianjin, foreign powers repeatedly coerced the Qing government to suppress it. 1900 in April, the Boxer Rebellion just developed in the suburbs of Beijing, and the Russian minister proposed repression. The envoys of the United States, Britain, France and Germany also sent a joint note to the Qing government under the secret orders of their own governments, and assembled a fleet at Dagukou to threaten. In May, the Boxer Rebellion developed rapidly in Beijing and Tianjin. More and more Qing soldiers joined the Boxer Rebels, and the xenophobic forces headed by Prince Aisingiorro Zahi gained the upper hand in the Qing government. Seeing that the Qing government was unable to control the situation, ministers of various countries planned to send troops to intervene directly, and the prime minister's yamen was also "unable to persuade the court to take severe repressive measures". On May 28th, Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in the name of "protecting the embassy", and the Qing government was forced to agree. From May 30th to June 2nd, more than 400 marines from eight countries arrived in Dongjiaomin Lane by train from Tianjin. Subsequently, countries constantly sent more troops to China. Twenty-four warships from various countries gathered outside Dagukou, and more than 2,000 invading troops gathered in Tianjin Concession. Around June 6, the eight countries' joint aggression against China was approved by their respective governments, and the war of aggression against China broke out. On June 1900, 1 1, Seymour vice admiral of England led more than 2,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance to seize the train from Tianjin to Beijing. The brutal aggression of imperialism aroused the loyal opposition of the Boxer Rebellion. /kloc-in June of 0/2, the Boxer Rebellion joined forces with Dong Fuxiang and Nie Shicheng of the Qing army to cut off the contact between the invading army and Tianjin. /kloc-June 0/4 to/kloc-June 0/8, the invading army was surrounded by the Boxers in Langfang, Luodai and Yangcun. Facing the invading army armed with modern guns, the Boxer Rebellion bravely killed the enemy and showed great courage and patriotic enthusiasm. More than 300 people were killed or injured, and Seymour was forced to follow. Eight-Nation Alliance captured Beijing.

In mid-June, the imperialist navy invading China, under the command of Russian naval generals, jointly attacked Dagukou Fort, which was attacked by the loyal opposition of the defenders. The Qing army was injured and sank six enemy ships with more than 200 enemy soldiers. When the war was fierce, Luo Rongguang, the garrison commander, was unfortunately shot and killed. The Qing army lost its command and Dagubao fell. At about this time, the secretary of the Japanese embassy was executed as a spy by Qing soldiers when he went to Yongdingmen to meet Seymour Coalition forces. German ambassador to China Klund was killed by defenders in Dongdan archway. 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on all countries. After the fall of Dagukou, thousands of reinforcements from Russia, Britain, Germany and the United States invaded Zizhulin Concession on the west bank of Haihe River in Tianjin and launched a fierce attack on Tianjin and its periphery. Boxers rose to defend Tianjin. Dong Fuxiang led the Boxer Rebellion to attack Laolongtou Railway Station, killing more than 500 Russian troops and occupying the station many times. Zhang Decheng led the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army to besiege Zizhulin, leveled the minefield with the "Fire Bull Array" and rushed into the concession. Nie Shicheng's Qing army stuck to Guang Hai Temple in the south of the city. On July 9, in the Battle of Balitai, Nie Shicheng was shot seven times and his abdomen was broken. He still insisted on fighting until he died of dragon blood. 14, Tianjin was captured by the allied forces. On August 4th, more than twenty thousand allied troops invaded Beijing from Tianjin. 13, enter the Beijing gate and attack Dongbianmen, Chaoyangmen and Dongzhimen. The British army took the lead in attacking the city from Guangqumen. 14, Beijing fell. The next morning, the Western Empress Dowager and Emperor Guangxu fled hastily. After the Allied Forces entered the city, the Boxer Rebellion's siege of Dongjiaominxiang and Xishiku Church was lifted, and the Boxer Rebellion was forced to withdraw from Beijing and turned to other places to persist in fighting the invaders. On the way to exile, the Western Empress Dowager appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to negotiate with the great powers, and issued an order to completely eradicate the Boxer Rebellion. The vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion was stifled by the reactionary forces at home and abroad. After Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing, he sent troops to attack the city and expanded his aggression. In September, when Russian troops invaded Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, they concentrated huge forces and occupied the northeast of China in five ways. In June 5438+10/mid-October, German commander Vadexi led 30,000 troops to China to capture Baoding and Zhangjiakou. Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China has brought profound disasters to the people of China. Wherever the invading army went, it killed, set fire, raped and plundered, and countless villages and towns were reduced to ruins. Tianjin was burned by a third, and Beijing was in ruins. Even the commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, Wadesi, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the number will be extremely considerable". Eight-Nation Alliance plundered openly in Beijing, and countless treasures of the Qing Palace were washed away, and a large number of people were killed. 190 1 On September 7th, 2008, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with imperialism on behalf of the Qing court. The treaty stipulates that China will pay 450 million yuan in silver; The embassy district in Beijing and the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan were handed over to foreign troops; People's organizations and anti-imperialist organizations in China are prohibited. The Xin Chou Treaty preserved the power of the Qing government and strengthened the imperialist rule over the people of China, thus making the Qing government a puppet of imperialism. Attachment: current situation map

After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers took the opportunity to send troops to China and plundered it. The news reached Russia, and the czar government thought it was an excellent opportunity to invade China. In addition to taking an active part in Eight-Nation Alliance, in July 1900 and 16, the Hailan gun tragedy was created. Almost all the thousands of China people living in Hailanpao were brutally killed by the Russian army, and less than 100 people swam to escape. 17-2 1 On this day, the Russian invaders drove more than 10,000 residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong to the Heilongjiang River and were shot or hacked to death with axes. The rest were driven into Heilongjiang and drowned. Only a few people made a living by swimming. On August 28, Russian troops occupied Qiqihar; Occupy Jilin on September 22 and Liaoyang on September 28; 65438+1 October1,entered Shengjing (Shenyang). Wherever the Russian army went, it burned, killed and looted, doing all kinds of evil. 1900165438+1October, Russia coerced General Zeng Qi to sign the provisional charter of Fengtian in an attempt to legalize the military occupation. Russian troops seized the opportunity of military occupation and plundered gold mines, coal mines and forest resources in northeast China.

Edit this post-war treaty, the Treaty of Xin and Chou.

During Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the Qing government, under the pressure of the people, ostensibly declared war on the great powers, and secretly Li Hongzhang signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" on behalf of the Qing government.

However, it destroyed the boxer movement and surrendered to the invading army. 1900 After the fall of Tianjin in July 14 On August 7th, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary and formally made peace with foreign powers. 1900, 65438+February, foreign powers (except the eight countries that sent troops, plus Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Hungary) submitted an outline of peace talks to the Qing government, and then made detailed provisions, which was formally signed in Beijing on September 7,190/kloc-0. The main contents of the "Xin Chou Treaty" are as follows: (1) The Qing government paid 450 million taels of compensation to various countries, which was paid off in 39 years, with 980 million taels of principal and interest. (2) BeijingDongjiaominxiang has been designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and China people are not allowed to live on the border. (3) The Qing government guaranteed that it was strictly prohibited. The foreign affairs department reorganized by the Prime Minister's yamen

After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the Qing government became a tool for the "western powers" to rule China and a "foreigner's court". Attachment: In fact, in mid-August, there were only about16,000 troops from Tianjin to Beijing (two of them were only symbolic flag bearers). They are: 8000 Japanese, 4800 Russians, 3000 British (mainly Sikhs), 2 100 Americans, 800 French, 50 Austrians and 53 Italians.

The influence of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China on China.

Eight-Nation Alliance's military action ended with the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" between the Qing government and eleven countries. Eight-Nation Alliance blocked streets and looted houses.

It stipulated that the Qing government should pay 450 million taels of silver (450 million taels was the total population of China at that time, to show one person and one tael to humiliate the people of China), and it was called boxer indemnity in thirty-nine years. After the allied forces occupied Beijing, they plundered the imperial city, yamen and government in Beijing, resulting in a large number of China cultural relics and heritages (including the Forbidden City, Summer Palace, Xishan Mountain and Yuanmingyuan) being stolen and destroyed. During the war, Russia occupied the whole northeast of China, which also laid the groundwork for the future Russo-Japanese war. Objectively speaking, the Eight-Nation Alliance incident accelerated the demise of the Qing Dynasty. Later, in order to rule China ideologically and spiritually, the United States reduced its compensation to the Qing government by about 654.38+200 million taels of silver. The refund is mainly used for China to send overseas students to the United States at public expense, and Tsinghua University was established under this background. The two refunds in the United States have a great influence in the world. In addition, after the First World War, China also set foot as a victorious country, and all countries expressed their willingness to be "friendly" with China and safeguard and expand their interests in China by peaceful means. So everyone started to refund in the footsteps of the United States. On the one hand, it indirectly promoted the process of China's learning from the West, on the other hand, it strengthened the control of foreign powers over China.

Edit the combat statistics of this paragraph.

Time 1900 Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.

Venue: The Qing Dynasty led to the victory of Eight-Nation Alliance and the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty. Participants in the Allied Forces of the Boxer Rebellion in the Qing Dynasty: Commander of Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Russia, Japan, Italy and Austria-Hungary: Empress Dowager Cixi Allied Forces: Edward Seymour (Britain) Alfred Von Waldersee (Germany) has about 160000 Boxer Rebels. Alliance: 49.

Edit this event memorabilia

1900

? 65438+1On October 27th, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy and other countries jointly sent a note to the Qing government, demanding once again that the Boxer Movement be banned. On February 1 day, people in Gaomi, Shandong province besieged the German railway company, held each other hostage for several days and destroyed the railway. By February 14, the Germans threatened to suppress by force. On March 13, imperialist powers held a naval demonstration in Bohai Sea, indicating that they would interfere in China by force. On April 6, the ministers of Britain, the United States, Germany and France sent a note to the Qing government, giving it two months to wipe out the Boxer Rebellion, otherwise, the land and water armies would be sent into Zhi and Lu provinces to wipe out the Boxer Rebellion. On May 20th, the ministerial group meeting proposed to transfer troops to Beijing. On May 3 1, more than 400 troops from Britain, Russia, the United States, France, Japan and Italy arrived in Beijing, giving their ministers "complete freedom" to handle affairs. On June 3rd, more than 80 troops from Germany and Austria arrived in Beijing. On June 5th, more than 600 imperialist invaders entered the Tianjin Concession. On June 7th, the British government granted Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the ambassador to China, the right of cheap action, and the governments of Russia, the United States, Germany and other countries successively granted Gert, Conger, Klender and other envoys the same rights. Russia sent 4000 troops to Tianjin. On June 9th, Claude Maxwell MacDonald summoned Seymour vice admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the British East Asian Fleet, at Dagukou and led his troops to Beijing. On June 10, Seymour led more than 2,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance, including Britain, Germany, Russia, France, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria, to Beijing by train in batches. On June 1 1, the secretary of the Japanese embassy, Sugiyama Yamahama, went out to meet the Seymour Coalition forces at Yongdingmen, and was dissuaded by the Japanese army outside Yongdingmen. On June 12, Seymour Allied Forces arrived in Langfang at noon. On June 16, Seymour Coalition forces admitted that "the expedition had actually failed" and suspended the railway trip to Beijing. The commander of Dagukou Imperial Fleet issued an ultimatum to garrison commander Luo Rongguang, demanding to hand over Dagukou Fort. Empress Dowager Cixi held the first command meeting to discuss and crack down on "communist suppression". /kloc-in June of 0/7, the invading forces of foreign powers occupied Dagu Fort after paying a heavy price. On June 18, the Boxer Rebellion and patriotic officers and soldiers fought fiercely with the enemy at Tianjin Laolongtou Railway Station. On June 20th, German special envoy Cleander was commended by Zhang Jing Enhai of Dongdan Tiger God Camp. Boxers, Dong Fuxiang, Gan Jun and Wuwei Zhong Jun began to besiege the embassy in Dongjiaominxiang. On July 6th, Tsar Nicholas II announced that he was the commander-in-chief of the Russian invasion of China, and Army Minister Kuropatkin was the chief of staff. He mobilized about180,000 troops and divided them into four combat regiments, ready to invade China. On July 9, Nie Shicheng, the former governor of Zhili, fought to the death with the enemy in Balitai, south of Tianjin. On July 1 1 day, there was a fierce battle at Tianjin Laolongtou Railway Station. 12 In July, the commander of the Russian Kwantung Army, Aleksev, presided over a meeting of allied commanders and decided to launch a general attack on Tianjin at dawn on 13. /kloc-in July of 0/4, Tianjin fell, and the imperialist Coalition forces plundered and slaughtered it. 17 July, the Russian army launched the terrible Hailan cannon and the sixty-four villages massacre in Jiangdong, from that day to 2 1. On July 30th, the Allied Forces established the "Tianjin Dutong Yamen" in Tianjin. Russian troops invaded Hailar, Hunchun, Samsung (now Yilan) and Liaoyang, and burned and killed them. On August 4th,18,000 people from G8 countries, Japan, Russia, Britain, USA, France, Germany, Italy and Austria set out from Tianjin to March on Beijing. On August 5th, Kaiser Wilhelm II called Nicholas II, and on August 6th, the enemy occupied Yangcun. Volunteers in the parish are firing at boxers.

On August 1 1 day, the enemy attacked Zhangjiawan in Tongzhou. August 12, Tongzhou fell. /kloc-in August of 0/4, the allied forces entered Beijing and plundered it. /kloc-in August of 0/5, Empress Dowager Cixi fled to the west with Emperor Guangxu in her arms. On August 17, the Indian troops sent by Britain landed in Shanghai; French sailors also landed in Shanghai the next day. On August 19, Allied Commander-in-Chief Vadexi left Berlin for the East. On August 28th, Russian troops captured Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang Province. /kloc-in September of 0/8, Germany sent a note to all countries, advocating "punishing the fierce" first and then making peace. On September 2 1 day, Russian troops invaded Jilin provincial capital, and on September 23, they invaded Fengtian Niuzhuang. On September 27, the commander-in-chief of the multinational force, Wa Sid, arrived in Tianjin. On September 29th, Russian troops occupied Liaoyang. 65438+1 October1,Russian troops invaded Shenyang (Fengtianfu), and even the main towns and traffic lines in the three northeastern provinces were occupied by Russia. British troops occupied Shanhaiguan. 10 year 10 4, France put forward six conditions for peace talks. 10 10 13, the French army occupied Baoding. 10 07 10/7, Allied Supreme Commander Wa went to Beijing and set his headquarters in Yiluan Hall. 10 10/month 18, French occupation is positive definite. 165438+ 10/9, the German and Italian invaders occupied Zhangjiakou. 65438+February 10, the alliance organized the "Management Beijing Committee". 12 16, the allied forces occupied Shulu county in Zhili, and were heroically resisted by the people. On February 22nd, 65438, ministers from eleven countries, including Britain, Russia, Germany, the United States, France, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium, joined forces. Li Hongzhang submitted Article 12 of the Outline of Peace Negotiations. The Qing government agreed to accept it on the 27th. On February 30th, 65438, China and Russia signed the Tianjin Concession Clause.

190 1 year

? 65438+ 10 month 15, huh? Li Hongzhang formally signed and signed the Twelfth Peace Outline. In February1year, the Qing government accepted the list of 12 people who were executed by foreign powers, namely, Yi, Zailan, Zaixun, Yingnian, Zhao Shuqiao, Yuxian, Qixiu, Xu Chengyu, Xu Tong, Resolute, Li Bingheng and Dong Fuxiang. By April, as many as 65,438+042 local officials demanded severe punishment from foreign powers. May 1 1, huh? Li Hongzhang sent a note to the ministers of the great powers, accepting a total compensation of 450 million taels. On May 23rd, Kaiser Wilhelm II telegraphed Wadesi back to China and told governments around the world to cancel his post as commander-in-chief of the Allied Forces. On May 26th, the Qing government paid 450 trillion taels of compensation to all countries, with interest of 4%. On August 8th, Eight-Nation Alliance completed his retreat from Beijing. On September 7, Yi? Li Hongzhang and the ministers of eleven countries formally signed twelve clauses and nineteen annexes of the Xin Chou Peace Treaty in Beijing. Getting Started Atlas More Atlas