(1) China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in the late Qing Dynasty.

1. China and the world on the eve of the Opium War

China (1) China was in the late feudal society.

(2) the natural economy is dominant

Britain (1) completed the first industrial revolution.

(2) Purpose of aggression: to seize more sales markets and raw material producing areas.

2. Opium smuggling in Britain and the anti-smoking campaign in China.

(1) China is in a surplus (smooth trade) P3△2 in the just-concluded Sino-British trade.

(2) Britain smuggled opium to reverse P3 trade deficit △3.

(3) National Shiyong Lin Ze Xu 1839 Destroyed opium in Humen (Guangzhou) in June, and the victory of the anti-smoking movement showed the strong determination of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression P4△2 1 3 5.

Britain launched the Opium War to invade China.

(1) Time: 1840 ~ 1842 P5△2

(2) Process: 1 June, 840, British ships invaded Guangdong, and the war began-Lin Zexu took full precautions, and the British army went north-Qishan went to Guangdong to compromise and negotiate-1841year,1year, and Britain occupied Hong Kong Island in Guangdong-three yuan.

4. Main contents of treaty of nanking and its annexes.

(1)P6 Contents of treaty of nanking△1

1 Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain (cede land and lose territorial rights)

2 indemnity 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars (indemnity)

Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports (five ports trade, infringing on trade sovereignty)

China must reach an agreement with Britain on the tariff rate paid by British businessmen for import and export goods (agreed tariff, funeral tariff sovereignty).

(2) Contents of Annex P7△ 1

The following year, Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter and the Humen Treaty as annexes to the treaty of nanking.

Britain gained 1 consular jurisdiction from it.

2. Unilateral MFN treatment

Privilege to lease land, houses and permanent residences at trading ports.

5. Impact of the Opium War

(1) China social nature P8△3

Sovereignty began to be destroyed by the signing of unequal treaties, and the natural economy gradually disintegrated due to the dumping of goods and the looting of raw materials by foreign powers, and began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

(2) Social contradictions: it began to turn into contradictions between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people, with foreign capitalism being the most important.

(3) Revolutionary task (P8△4△): from simply opposing domestic feudal rule to opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule. China has since entered the period of the old democratic revolution.

(4) Historical stage: (P8△3 6): The Opium War was a turning point in China's history and the beginning of China's modern history.

(5) Germination of new ideological trend: After the Opium War, some intellectuals began to abandon old ideas, pay attention to the world, explore new knowledge, and seek ways to strengthen the country against aggression, which sprouted a new ideological trend of learning from the West and had a certain impact on feudal thought.

6. The Second Opium War (1856 ~ 1860)

(1) The direct purpose of the war between Britain and France is to further open the China market p 10△ 1 4.

(2) Main contents of Tianjin Treaty (P 12△2 △3)

1 The minister went to Beijing.

2. Open more commercial ports (Niuzhuang, Danshui, Hankou, Nanjing 10).

Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River.

Foreigners can travel, do business and preach in the mainland;

Indemnity: British and French military expenditure was 2 million taels, and British businessmen lost 2 million taels.

(3) The British and French allied forces robbed and burned Yuanmingyuan (P12 ▽ 3 5, 6).

(4) China and Britain signed the Beijing Treaty (P 13△ 1 △2);

1 Tianjin treaty is effective

Tianjin port opening

3 Divide Kowloon into England

Allow China workers to go abroad.

Increase the compensation for British and French military expenditures

7. From jintian uprising to Tianjin.

(1) Hong Xiuquan founded the worship of gods (society) P20△5 Purpose: to overthrow the rule of Qing Dynasty.

(2) jintian uprising (P 21▽ 2 ▽1)1851Jintian Village in Guiping, Guangxi, was called "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", and the rebels were called "Taiping Army". In the battle, Hong Xiuquan was called the King of Heaven.

(3) The capital of Tianjing P2 1▽ 1 Nanjing was renamed Tianjing as its capital, which formally established a regime against the Qing government.

8. The main content and evaluation of "Tianmu system in China"

(1) Main contents: Abolish feudal land ownership and implement the policy of absolute average land distribution. Implement the sacred warehouse system and the absolute average product distribution system.

(2) Evaluation: Nature (P22△2 1) is the revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Revolutionary (P22△2 1, 2) highlights the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership, which is the ideological crystallization of China peasants' anti-feudal struggle for thousands of years.

The absolute average distribution of products limited (P23△ 1) violates the law of social development and cannot arouse farmers' enthusiasm for production, which is a fantasy that cannot be realized at all.

9. The heyday of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

(1) The purpose of the Northern Expedition, the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition (P23△3) 1 The Northern Expedition was to overthrow the Qing Dynasty.

The purpose of the Western Expedition is to consolidate the base camp of Tianjin Revolution.

The purpose of the crusade was to cut off the financial resources of the Qing government and enrich its economic strength.

(2) The symbol of entering the (military) heyday (P24▽ 1 3) The victory of the Western Expedition and the Eastern Expedition-the military heyday (1853- 1856)

10. The failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and its historical significance

(1) Signs of failure: (P27▽2) Signs: the fall of Tianjing.

(2) The subjective and objective reasons for failure (P27▽ 1) enlighten P28△ 1.

1 Subjective aspect (limitations of the peasant class)

(1) can't come up with a practical revolutionary program, and the soldiers don't know the revolutionary purpose.

(2) After the capital is Tianjing, the thought of leadership privilege swells, and people struggle for power, profit and pleasure.

(3) Strategic mistakes: the Northern Expedition was divided into local divisions and went deep alone.

Objectively speaking, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded with each other and killed them together.

Enlightenment: Due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class can't lead the China revolution to victory.

(3) The Nature of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement (P28△2) A great anti-feudal and anti-aggression peasant movement in China's modern history.

(4) The historical achievements of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement: ① It accelerated the decline and collapse of the Qing Dynasty and even the whole feudal system.

(P28△3△4△5△6) ② It persisted for 14 years, and its power developed to 18 province, severely punishing reactionary forces at home and abroad.

(3) To undertake the task of anti-aggression while opposing feudalism; Some leaders advocate learning from the West and developing capitalism in China.

④ It is superior to previous peasant uprisings ideologically and organizationally, and it is the highest peak of China peasant war.

The leaders advocated trade with other countries, and later put forward the first plan to develop capitalism in China.

6. The struggle with the people of Asian countries promotes and influences each other, and resists the western colonialists.

(5) New characteristics of the times: (P28△4△6)① Anti-feudalism and anti-aggression are carried out simultaneously; Some leaders advocate learning from the West and developing capitalism in China.

(2) The leaders advocated trade with other countries, and later put forward the first plan to develop capitalism in China.

1 1. The germination of new ideas and a new chapter in senior management

(1) The purpose of the germination of the new ideological trend is to seek the way for a powerful country to resist aggression P29 △ 32,3.

(2) Advocates (Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan) (P29△45) Lin Zexu was the first person to "see the world" in modern China.

(3) Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries and the thought of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" (P30△ 1 \u 1 ~ 5).

Wei Yuan's Atlas of Sea Countries is the most detailed monograph introducing western history and geography, and puts forward the idea of "learning from foreigners and mastering foreign skills".

(4) The nature and evaluation of "Senior Minister's New Chapter" (P3 1△ 1▽ 1)

The nature of 1: a new plan for reforming internal affairs and building the country.

2. Evaluation: ① It has a distinctive capitalist color, and it is the first plan put forward by advanced China people to develop capitalism in China.

② It reflects the urgent desire of advanced China people to seek truth from the West and explore the road of saving the country and the people.

(3) It was not the product of the peasants' revolutionary practice, and did not reflect the peasants' most urgent wishes and demands at that time, so the "Senior Minister's New Chapter" failed to be implemented.

(2) The emergence and development of capitalism in China and the formation of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

1. Westernization and die-hards

(1) The Westernization School and the die-hards have one thing in common: they are both for maintaining the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

(2) The purpose of establishing the Westernization Movement: (P36△ 1 4) Using advanced western technology to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

2. The rise and development of Westernization Movement

(1) Overview: (p36 △ 23,4) During the 1960s and 1990s, a Westernization Movement called "Learning from foreigners and strengthening ourselves" was launched.

(2) The slogan and content of the last movement (P36▽ 1) 1 time:19 1960s-1970s.

2 Banner: "Self-improvement"

3 Content: Establishment of military industry

(3) Slogan and content of the later movement: (p37 ▽1p38 ▽1p39 △1)

1 time:19 1970s-1990s

2 Banner: "Seeking Wealth"

Cause: In order to solve the difficulties of military industry in capital, fuel and transportation.

Content: Establish civilian industry, establish modern navy, open new schools and send overseas students.

3. Evaluation of Westernization Movement

It promoted the modernization of China: the purpose of Westernization Movement was to become rich through self-improvement. The Westernization Movement introduced some modern scientific production technologies from western capitalist countries, trained a number of scientific and technical personnel and skilled workers, set up new schools and sent overseas students, which promoted the modernization of education in China. Objectively, it stimulated the development of capitalism in China, and also played a role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces. It opened the first step for China to become rich and strong.

However, in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet, which was painstakingly managed by the Westernization School, was completely annihilated, which proved that the Westernization Movement did not make China embark on the road of prosperity.

4. The rise of capitalist industry in China and the emergence of the proletariat in China.

(1) Conditions for the Rise of Chinese National Capitalist Enterprises P40△ 1△2

1 The invasion of foreign capital has disintegrated China's natural economy and expanded the commodity market and labor market, which is the objective condition for the rise of capitalist industry in China.

The profits of foreign companies in China stimulate the investment enthusiasm of bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen.

3 the advocacy role of Westernization School

(2) The time when the proletariat in China came into being: 65438+1940s and 1950s.

Location: Foreign Enterprise (P4 1▽2)

5. The outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War (1894 ~ 1895) and the course of the war.

(1) Outbreak: Battle of Toshima, South Korea (P49 ▽1)1894 In July, the Japanese navy raided Japanese troop carriers near Toshima, and the war broke out.

(2) The Battle of Pyongyang (Left) P50△3) The Battle of Pyongyang: General Hui left = blocking advertisements = sacrificing, and Commander-in-Chief Ye Zhichao abandoned the city and fled.

(3) The Battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang, Lin Yongsheng) and its results (P50△4 2, 4) Zhiyuan, Jingyuan and Deng Shichang, Lin Yongsheng = blocking advertisements = sacrifice. The two sides won and lost each other, but beiyang fleet remained the main force. Li Hongzhang ordered the protection of the ship, which gave the Japanese navy the right to control the Yellow Sea.

(4) Lushun Massacre (P50▽ 1 3) In Lushun, the Japanese army brutally slaughtered the local people and residents.

(5) The Battle of Weihaiwei and its result (p 5 1△ 1 5) Ding committed suicide and beiyang fleet was wiped out.

6. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki and its influence (1Li Hongzhang v. Ito Bowen in April 859)

(1) treaty of shimonoseki's content: (P52△2)

1 Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands to Japan;

Compensation for Japanese military spending of 220 million silver;

Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou are opened as commercial ports, and Japanese ships can sail into these ports along inland rivers.

The Japanese are allowed to set up factories at the trading ports in China, and the products are sold in China, and domestic taxes are levied on the ground.

(2) Impact: (p52 △ 3 ~ 8)

1 treaty of shimonoseki is the most serious humiliating treaty since treaty of nanking.

Territorial aspect: The cession of Taiwan Province Province and other large areas of land further undermined the integrity of China's sovereignty and stimulated the ambition of the great powers to carve up China.

Indemnity: The huge indemnity increased the burden on the people of China and facilitated foreign powers to control the economic lifeline of China through loans.

The opening of new trading ports made the imperialist aggression and snobbery go deep into Chinese mainland.

Economically, foreign capitalists set up factories in China, which seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism.

The degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.

7. The initial development of capitalism in China.

/kloc-two conditions for the initial development of national capitalism at the end of 0/9 (P6 1△2)

1 With the intensification of imperialist aggression, the natural economy of China society has been further destroyed, which objectively provides conditions for the development of capitalism in China.

In order to expand financial resources and solve financial difficulties, the Qing government was forced to ease and relax the restrictions on the development of national capitalist industries.

8. Kang and Liang's thought of reform and reform and its spread

Characteristics and representative works of Kang Youwei's reform thought (P62△2 3 ~ 5)

Kang Youwei combined western capitalism and political theory with traditional Confucianism to publicize the truth of reform and political reform.

Kang Youwei's representative works "New Learning Test" and "Confucius Reform Test" had a favorable influence on stubbornness, conservatism and snobbery at that time, and laid a theoretical foundation for the bourgeois reformists to carry out reform and reform.

9. Debate between reformists and die-hards

The content and historical position of the debate: (p64△ 1 4 ~ 7)

The content of the debate: 1 Should it be reformed?

Should we advocate civil rights and implement a constitutional monarchy?

Should we advocate western learning and reform the education system?

Historical Position: This debate between reform and conservatism is a direct confrontation between capitalist thought and feudal thought. It freed some intellectuals from the shackles of feudal thought and promoted the climax of the reform and political reform movement.

10. the policy agenda of the bourgeois reformists (P64▽ 1 3 P65△ 1)

At the beginning of 1898, Kang Youwei wrote a book "Overall Folding by Imperial Decree", requesting Emperor Guangxu to determine the policy of political reform and reform. This memorial is actually the policy agenda of the bourgeois reformists.

1 1 .100-day reform (1898)P65△3 1, 4

1in June, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the Imperial Decree on the Establishment of the Country and began to reform, which is known as the Reform Movement of 1898. From June 1 1 to September 2 1, the new deal was implemented for 103 days, so it is also called the hundred-day reform.

12. The failure, historical significance and lessons of the Reform Movement of 1898

(1) The failure of political reform-the coup of 1898 (P67△2 1, 7)

In September of 2 1 year, Empress Dowager Cixi announced that she would "listen to politics", imprisoned Emperor Guangxu in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, and ordered the arrest of reformists. In the New Deal, everything except Shi Jing University Hall was abolished.

(2) the historical significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 (P67 △ 3,4,5)

The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform movement. The bourgeois reformists demanded to implement policies conducive to the development of capitalism, and gradually changed the feudal autocratic system into a capitalist constitutional monarchy, which was in line with the historical development trend of China at that time and had progressive significance.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was another political movement of patriotism and national salvation. This has played an important role in inspiring people's patriotism and national consciousness.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was also the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China, which played an enlightening role in society. It promoted the awakening of the people of China.

(3) Reasons for the failure of political reform and its lessons P67△6

Due to the lack of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal courage, the bourgeois reformists only adopted the method of improvement and pinned their hopes entirely on the emperor without any real power; Faced with the attack of die-hard forces, they pinned their hopes on Yuan Shikai and foreign invaders and divorced themselves from the broad masses of the people. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 was a flash in the pan and soon failed. The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 proved that the road of bourgeois reform was not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China.

13. the rise, development and failure of the boxer movement

(1) Revolutionary and Limitation of the Slogan of "Helping the Qing Dynasty to Destroy the Ocean" P69△2

The slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries" is patriotic, reflecting that the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation was very sharp at that time, and the Boxer Rebellion attacked foreign aggression. But it also has great limitations. "Fu Qing" is good for winning officials, but it is easy for the Boxers to relax their vigilance against the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. Although "destroying foreign countries" can widely mobilize the masses to participate in the anti-imperialist struggle, it has a universal xenophobic nature.

(2) Failure (P7 1△ 1)

In early August, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing from Tianjin, and Beijing fell. Cixi fled to the west and ordered the eradication of the Boxer Rebellion. Under the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Boxer Rebellion failed.

14. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China (1900)

15. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty (190 1) and its influence.

(1) main contents of the treaty (P72△2 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

1 China compensated other countries for 450 million taels of silver, which was paid off in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 980 million taels;

Dismantle the fortress from Beijing to Dagu and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan;

Dongjiaomin Lane is designated as "embassy boundary", and China people are not allowed to live in the boundary, so countries send troops to protect it;

Punish officials who participated in the anti-imperialist struggle in the Boxer Movement, and forever prohibit China people from organizing or participating in anti-imperialist organizations. "Officials who failed to immediately suppress the anti-imperialist movement will be dismissed and never used";

5 The Prime Minister's yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking ahead of the six ministries.

6. Modify the agreement. In order to facilitate the expansion of imperialist aggression against China, the Qing government agreed to amend the contents of trade and navigation in various treaties.

(2) Harm to China (p73 △ 4,5,7)

The huge indemnity of 1 is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the powers. In order to pay this huge compensation, the Qing government stepped up the search for people's fat and paste, and the social economy was even more depressed.

The "embassy circle" set up in Beijing is actually a "country within a country" and is the base camp for imperialist planning to invade China. The foreign invaders controlled the Beijing-Tianjin area, making the Qing government completely under the control of foreign troops, so that the invaders could directly send troops to suppress the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China.

According to the provisions of the treaty, officials of the Qing Dynasty severely suppressed the anti-imperialist struggle of the people of China and further became accomplices of imperialism.

The regulations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs provided convenience for the Qing government to pursue the traitorous foreign policy according to the wishes of foreign invaders.

Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China. The signing of the treaty marks the complete establishment of the ruling order of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China and the formation of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.