1. The reason why Britain smuggled opium: to reverse the trade deficit with China. The fundamental purpose: to open the China market.

2. The harm of opium smuggling to China: it leads to the outflow of silver and the rise of prices; The combat effectiveness of the army is weakened; Threatened the rule of the Qing government.

The purpose of Lin Zexu's smoking ban is to maintain the rule of the Qing government.

4. Enlightenment from the harm of opium: stay away from drugs and cherish life.

5. Significance: Lin Zexu and Humen's ban on smoking is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression.

Lin Zexu is a modern national hero in China. (Guan Tianpei defends Humen Fort)

the opium war

June 1,1840 —— August 1842

2. treaty of nanking-the first unequal treaty in modern China (1842).

3. Main contents: ① cutting Hong Kong Island to Britain; (2) The compensation is 2 1 ten thousand yuan; (3) Opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; (4) The import and export goods in the UK should be taxed, and China must agree with the UK.

4. The influence of the Opium War: China began to change from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.

5. The main reason for China's failure in the Opium War was the corruption, incompetence and backwardness of the Qing government.

The Second Opium War (1856.6438+00—1860.438+00)

1, the British and French allied forces are the culprit, and the United States and Russia are accomplices.

2. Burning Yuanmingyuan: 1860, British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and burned Yuanmingyuan.

Hugo, a great French writer, said, "One day, two robbers broke into the Summer Palace. One robbed, the other set fire. It turns out that victory is plunder. " Among them, "Summer Palace" refers to Yuanmingyuan; "Two robbers" refers to the allied forces of Britain and France. "Robbery" and "burning the torch" mean: burning the Yuanmingyuan.

4. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia occupied more than 6,543,800 square kilometers of territory in the northeast and northwest of China. (The "Love Faint Treaty" divided the territorial areas)

5. The influence of the Second Opium War: It further deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.

6. Taiping Army fought against foreign guns.

185 1 year, Hong Xiuquan launched a peasant uprising in Jintian Village and established the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The rebel army is called Taiping Army. 1853, the Taiping Army occupied Nanjing, changed Nanjing to Tianjing, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. 1in September, 862, in the battle of Cixi, Taiping Army killed the leader of the foreign gun team, Wall, and severely punished the foreign gun team. 1864, due to the joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was suppressed.

Left recovery x Xinjiang

1. Governor Zuo Tang Zong of Shaanxi but Gansu paid equal attention to "blocking defense" and "coastal defense" and urged to recover X Xinjiang; 2. The Qing government appointed Zuo as an imperial envoy to take charge of Xinjiang's military affairs, and adopted the strategy of "going north first, then south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle". 3. 1878, except Yili, X Xinjiang returned to the embrace of the motherland. 4. 1884 X- Xinjiang is a province.

Sino-Japanese War and treaty of shimonoseki

1, time: 1894—1895.

2. Battle of the Yellow Sea: Deng Shichang died ("This day, the world was full of tears and there was a strong naval force." )。 .

3. Results: ① China was defeated and forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki.

4. Treaty content: the Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands were ceded to Japan; Repay 200 million taels of silver; Open more trading ports (foreign capitalist forces infiltrated into the mainland of China); Allow the Japanese to set up factories in China (indicating that the imperialist economic aggression against China has changed from product export to capital export, and the degree of aggression is deeper, which hinders the development of Chinese national capitalism)

3. Impact: It has greatly deepened the semi-colonial degree of China.

"Taiwan Province Province now belongs to Japan" means that treaty of shimonoseki has been signed and Taiwan Province Province has been ceded to Japan. "The Summer Palace has a canopy" means that the activity of "celebrating the birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi" is still going on in the Summer Palace. These two things are linked together, indicating the corruption and incompetence of the rulers of the Qing Dynasty.

Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China and the Treaty of Xin Chou (Britain, France, Russia, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy and Austria)

1, the Boxer Rebellion "helped the Qing Dynasty to destroy the ocean".

2. 1900, in order to suppress the boxer movement, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China and occupied Beijing.

3. The main contents of the Xin Chou Treaty (190 1) are as follows: ① The Qing government paid 450 million taels of silver as compensation, with customs duties and other taxes as guarantee; (2) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement (symbolizing that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China); (3) Dismantle Dagu Fort and allow countries to send troops to important places along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan; (4) BeijingDongjiaominxiang is designated as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, but not allowing China people to live.

4. Impact: The "Xin Chou Treaty" marked that China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

The four large-scale imperialist wars of aggression against China have taught us a profound lesson: if we lag behind, we will be beaten.

Westernization Movement:19 1960s-1990s.

1. Purpose: To maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.

2. Representative: Member of the Central Committee-Prince Gong? ; Place-Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zeng Guofan and Zhang Zhidong

Slogan: "Self-improvement" is the slogan in the early stage, and "seeking wealth" is the slogan in the later stage.

4. Main contents: ① Establishment of military industry: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Li Hongzhang, Zeng Guofan), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left), etc. (2) Establishment of civil industry: Shanghai maritime merchant (Li Hongzhang), Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong) and Hubei textile layout (Zhang Zhidong); (3) establish a navy (Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian navies); ④ Establish a new school (the first modern school: Shi Jing Wentongtang).

5. Nature: Westernization Movement is a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers.

Evaluation: The Westernization Movement took place in the special historical stage of modern society in China, and it was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers. The subjective purpose of Westernization School is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism. It didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and paved the way for China's modernization.

The bus reads: 1895, led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. Opened the prelude to the reform movement.

1898 reform movement:

1, time:1898 June-September (*** 103 days, also known as "Hundred Days Reform")

2. Characters: Emperor Guangxu, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898" (Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Xu Lin, Yang Shenxiu, Kang)

3. The main contents of the Reform Movement of 1898: politically: reforming government institutions, abolishing redundant officials and appointing reformists; Economically: encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Ideological and cultural aspects: opening new schools to train talents, translating western books and spreading new ideas; Establish newspapers and open their opinions; Military aspect: training new troops, etc.

4. Reasons for failure: ① The reformists divorced from the broad masses of the people and relied only on an emperor who had no real power; (2) The opposition and destruction of feudal diehard forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. (3) The national bourgeoisie is inherently weak, and so are the reformists.

5. Tan Sitong's desperate words: "If you want to kill a thief, you can't return to heaven, and you die well. Come on! " Answer: ① Who is the thief who "intentionally killed the thief"? Why are the reformist die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi (II) "powerless"? (1) The reformists are divorced from the broad masses of the people and rely only on an emperor who has no real power; The feudal stubborn forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are too powerful. What should we learn from Tan Sitong? Learn from his dedication to progress without fear of bloodshed; Willing to shed blood and die for reform; Willing to give his head and blood for the motherland.

The first bourgeois revolutionary association in China. 1894, Sun Yat-sen was founded in Honolulu, USA.

China League: (1905)

1, location: Tokyo, Japan; 2. Leader: Sun Yat-sen

3. Nature: the first national bourgeois revolutionary party in China. The newspaper of the League is People's Daily.

5. Political platform: "Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of the Republic of China, and Equal Distribution of Land Rights",

6. Three People's Principles: Nationalism, Civil Rights and People's Livelihood (The Three People's Principles are the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen's leadership of the Revolution of 1911. )

Revolution of 1911:

1, Wuchang Uprising:1911010/October10 broke out. History calls this revolution the Revolution of 1911.

2. The Republic of China was founded:1912 65438+1kloc-0/(the first year of the Republic of China), and Sun Yat-sen was appointed as the interim president in Nanjing.

3. Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and established the rule of Beiyang warlords.

4. Historical significance of the Revolution of 1911: The Revolution of 1911 destroyed the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts.

5. Nature: The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism.

6. Correct evaluation: The Revolution of 1911 was a two-pronged approach (the Revolution of 1911 ruled the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. There was another failure (Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and established the rule of the northern warlords. The Revolution of 1911 did not accomplish the task of opposing imperialism and feudalism, and did not change the nature of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

7. Reasons for failure: imperialism and feudalism are too strong; The weakness and compromise of the national bourgeoisie.

New Culture Movement

1, the main content of the new culture movement

① Starting logo: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded New Youth and put forward the slogan of democracy and science.

② Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.

③ Main contents: Early stage: advocating democracy and opposing autocracy; Advocating science and opposing superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature. Later period: propagating Marxism.

2. "Dawn of the new century": refers to the October socialist revolution in Russia.

Li Dazhao was the first person to raise the banner of socialism. 19 18, he published "The Victory of the Common People" and "The Victory of Bolshevism", and predicted: "Look at the future of the world, it must be a world where the red flag will not fall!"

3. Evaluation: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in China (the nature of the New Culture Movement). It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China, and promotes the May 4th Movement. However, there is also a bias of absolute negation or absolute affirmation of eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement, which has always affected the later (limitations).

What is the final result of China's modernization exploration? What inspiration did you get from it?

Results: China did not embark on the road of modernization.

Revelation: ① The peasant class, the landlord class and the bourgeoisie cannot change the fate of China. (2) the capitalist road is impassable in China. (3) Only the * * * Party can save China, and only Marxism can save China. Only the revolution led by the proletariat can succeed. The people of China have an indomitable spirit of struggle and will not bow to imperialism.

May Fourth Movement

1, fuse: China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.

2. Slogan: "Fighting for sovereignty from outside, excluding traitors from inside" (which best reflects the nature of the May 4th Movement), cancel Article 21, oppose signing a peace treaty with Germany, and punish traitors such as Cao Rulin.

Results: The first battle was successful, the arrested students were released, three traitors were expelled, and the "peace treaty" was refused.

4. Historical significance: ① This is a thorough patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism. It marks the great beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

5. The spirit of the May 4th Movement: the patriotic spirit of caring for the country and the people, perseverance, dedication and struggle.

China * * * the establishment of the production party.

1, date of establishment:1921July 2, place of establishment: Shanghai (later transferred to Nanhu, Jiaxing, Zhejiang).

3. Establishment symbol: the convening of the first national congress. (The meeting adopted the party program and determined that the party's goal is to establish proletarian dictatorship and realize capitalism; The central task of the party is to lead the workers' movement. The Congress elected a new leading organization-C.O., with Chen Duxiu as the secretary. )

4. Significance: The establishment of China * * * Production Party is an epoch-making event in China. Since the founding of the * * * Production Party, China's revolution has taken on a new look.

The first cooperation between the two parties: 1924 The convening of the "First Congress" of the Kuomintang marked the formal establishment of the revolutionary United front based on the cooperation between the two parties, that is, the first cooperation between the two parties was realized.

5. The Whampoa Military Academy, founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in 1924, is headed by Zhou Enlai. Objective: to train a large number of military and political talents and establish revolutionary armed forces.

Northern Expedition (1926)

1, the goal of the northern expedition: * the rule of the northern warlords and the reunification of the whole country.

2. The main object of the Northern Expedition: Zhang; Wu Pei was captured; Sun Fangchuan. The main battlefields of the Northern Expedition: Hunan and Hubei

3. Advance team of the Northern Expedition: Ye Ting Independent Mission. (successively won the battle of Tingsi Bridge and Heshengqiao)

4. Achievements of the Northern Expedition: The rule of Beiyang warlords was basically realized. From the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin, the momentum shook the whole country. At the beginning of 1927, the national government moved its capital to Wuhan.

5.1In April, 927, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution (which was also the direct cause of the failure of the Kuomintang) and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.

Lesson 65438:

1, Nanchang Uprising: 1 August 9271day (Army Day), Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting and Zhu De led the Nanchang Uprising. Significance: The first shot of armed resistance against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang was fired.

2. August 7th meeting:1A meeting was held in Hankou on August 7th, 927, which adopted the general policy of agrarian revolution and armed resistance against reactionary Kuomintang rule, and decided to launch an armed uprising during the autumn harvest.

3. Autumn Harvest Uprising:1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the autumn harvest uprising in Hunan and Jiangxi, and established the first rural revolutionary base-Jinggangshan revolutionary base. Significance: It has opened up a road where workers and peasants are separated by armed forces and cities surround rural areas.

4. The reorganization of Sanwan established the party's absolute leadership over the army.

5.1In April, 928, Zhu De and Mao Zedong joined forces in Jinggangshan to form the Fourth Army of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, with Zhu De as the commander and Mao Zedong as the party representative.

6. Historical significance of the two uprisings: It was the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary struggle, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.

Lesson 65438

1, Long March:

Reason: The wrong leadership of Bo Gu and others led to the fifth defeat of the Red Army against "encirclement and suppression" and forced to make a strategic shift.

Road Map of the Red Army's Long March: 1934 10 Starting from Ruijin Central Revolutionary Base in Jiangxi Province-Breaking through the four blockade lines of Xiangjiang River-Forcing Wujiang River to occupy Zunyi-crossing Chishui River (reflecting Mao Zedong's command ability and disrupting the enemy's pursuit plan)-crossing Jinsha River skillfully (jumping out of the enemy's encirclement)-crossing Dadu River-flying over Luding.

Significance: Crushed the Kuomintang's attempt to destroy the Red Army, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.

Long March spirit: revolutionary heroism, collectivism, hard struggle spirit, etc.

2. Zunyi Conference

Time: 1935 65438+ 10 Month Objective: Solve the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gu and others.

Content: The military command of Bo Gu Kailai was cancelled, and the correct position of Mao Zedong was affirmed.

Significance: The establishment of the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core has saved the Party, the Red Army and the revolution, which is a turning point in the history of the Party.

Lesson 65438:

1, 193 1 year, the Japanese launched the "September 18th Incident" and invaded northeast China.

Results: Chiang Kai-shek's non-resistance policy led to the fall of three northeastern provinces. Significance: China people started in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

2. People's Anti-Japanese Struggle in Northeast China.

Anti-Japanese Volunteers (spontaneous by the Northeast people)&; Anti-Japanese guerrillas (led by China Producers' Party and represented by Yang Jingyu)

3.Xi incident: nature: patriotic "military remonstrance"

Background: ① The Japanese launched the "North China Incident", which further deepened the national crisis in China; (2) The anti-Japanese national United front policy of China's * * * production party has won the support of patriots from all walks of life throughout the country; (3) A new upsurge of the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Movement was set off throughout the country; (4) Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, under the struggle of China's * * * producers' party, accepted the idea of "stopping the civil war and unanimously resisting Japan" and made a truce with the Red Army.

Course:193665438+February 12, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched a "military remonstrance" to detain Chiang Kai-shek. And electrified the whole country and put forward the idea of stopping the civil war.

The reason for the peaceful settlement of the Xi Incident: the contradiction between China and Japan has become the main contradiction in Japanese society, and it is necessary to unite all forces that can be United to fight against the Japanese aggressors. China's * * * production party, proceeding from the interests of the people of the whole country, advocates a peaceful solution to the Xi 'an incident. Evaluation of JASON ZHANG and his wife: For the benefit of the country and the nation, they dare to "admonish the soldiers" and have a sense of justice, so they are national heroes of the Chinese nation. (eternal hero, national hero)

Significance and function: The peaceful settlement of the Xi 'an Incident marked the basic end of the ten-year civil war (1927-1937) and the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national united front. The peaceful settlement of Xi 'an incident has become the key to reverse the situation.