US Secretary of State John Kerry 2065438+01654381October 8 said in Washington that the era of Monroe Doctrine is over. Today's American relations are based on equal partnership and common responsibility, and the United States no longer promises to interfere in the affairs of other American countries.
1 Introduction
John Quincy Adams
This view was put forward by President james monroe in his seventh State of the Union address to Congress. The speech was hesitant at first, and then it became enthusiastic. This is a turning point in American foreign affairs.
This theory was originally conceived by john quincy adams and others to declare that the United States was morally opposed to colonialism. Later, it was reinterpreted by many parties as various broad statements; President theodore roosevelt took it as a license to practise American colonialism (known as the inevitable result of the Roosevelt Monroe Doctrine).
2 meaning
When Latin American countries are moving towards independence, the United States has taken Latin America as its sphere of influence. From 1822 to 1823, at that time, the European "Holy Alliance" tried to interfere with the independence of Latin America.
Year of Independence of Central and South American Countries
During the campaign, the United States actively promoted the policy of "what is American is American". 1823, US President Monroe delivered a State of the Union address to the National Assembly, declaring: "In the future, no European power can regard the countries that have become independent and free on the American continent as the objects of future colonization." He also said that the United States does not interfere in the internal affairs of European powers, nor does it allow European powers to interfere in American affairs. This State of the Union address is often called the Monroe Declaration. The principle it contains is what is commonly called "Monroe Doctrine".
Monroe Doctrine mainly has three meanings:
(1) asked European countries not to colonize the western hemisphere. This principle not only expresses opposition to the expansion of western European countries in Latin America, but also opposes Russia's expansion on the west coast of North America.
(2) Require Europe not to interfere in the affairs of independent countries in America;
(3) Ensure that the United States does not interfere in European affairs, including the affairs of the existing European colonies in America. Monroe Doctrine did not have much influence at that time, because Britain's influence in Latin America greatly exceeded that of the United States. 19 After the 1940s, the United States revisited Monroe Doctrine.
3 background
The near cause of Monroe Doctrine is Russia's demand to seize the northwest coast of the North American continent and Central and Latin American countries.
Monroeism
Family struggle for independence. The influence of the Spanish Empire in the New World collapsed with the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 18 15. From 18 15 to 1820, Jose de San Martin led the independence of Argentina, Chile and Peru; The leader of Simó n Bolí var of Great Colombia led his country out of colonialism. These newly established countries expect to be recognized by the United States, and many people in the United States recognize this idea.
But President james monroe and his Secretary of State john quincy adams don't want to risk an international war with uncertain results. Some people think that, as far as its actions are concerned, without the intervention of European powers, the American government will let Spain break away from various uprising colonies; Others insist that the two men legally recognized these new countries through the government's recognition of these wars and their neutrality. The latter statement was supported by the fact that the United States sold naval vessels to these troubled colonies at that time.
On the other hand, Britain is divided between maintaining the monarchy and longing for new markets. For Britain, the whole Latin America is a bigger market than the United States. When France and Russia offered to help Spain recover its colonies in the New World together with the British Empire, they were rebuffed by Britain.
The United States is negotiating with Spain on the Adams-Ernie Treaty. After the entry into force of the treaty, the Monroe government began to expand the recognition of these new countries in Latin America. Argentina, Chile, Peru and Colombia were all recognized by the United States in 1822.
1823, France asked Spain to support the bourbon dynasty again. At that time, there were rumors in both countries that the Holy Alliance (that is, Russia, Prussia and Austria) supported these emerging countries. The good news between the two countries made the British government at that time (politicians such as James Wolff and William Pitt * * *) give up all efforts to expel France from the New World, and France will regain power in the American continent.
British Foreign Secretary george canning suggested that Britain and the United States should join hands to prevent interference from France and Spain. Thomas Jefferson and james madison encouraged Monroe to accept the proposal, but john quincy adams was skeptical. Adams is also worried about Russian and Mexican interference in Oregon, which is claimed by Britain and the United States.
At the cabinet meeting held on1October 7, 1823, 165438, Adams opposed Canning's proposal, saying that "it is more frank and dignified to clearly express our policies to Russia and France than to act as a lifeboat at the stern of a British warship."
Adams fought hard at the meeting and finally persuaded the whole cabinet to adopt an independent policy. Monroe's viewpoint in the State of the Union address delivered in Congress on February 2, 823/KLOC-0, was later called Monroe Doctrine. In essence, the United States of America is telling the powers of the old continent that the United States is no longer open to Europe to establish colonies, and any expansion of European forces into the new world will be regarded by the United States of America as "endangering China's peace and security". The United States will not intervene in wars between European countries, and it also requires European countries not to intervene in American affairs.
This public statement contradicts the cooperation between the United States and European powers in many colonies near Hispaniola. The island of Hispaniola has been occupied many times and is now the seat of Santo Domingo and Haiti. France and Spain are both interested in this place, trying to regain their interests there or regain their original influence. In the19th century, Spain was more successful in these activities. As far as the future development is concerned, the United States will support any party at will in the Caribbean disputes with Monroe Doctrine to safeguard short-term economic interests, instead of setting up barriers to block European interventionism.
182365438+On February 2nd, J. Monroe, the fifth president of the United States, put forward the principle of American foreign policy in his State of the Union address, which was called "Monroe Doctrine" in history. It is an important symbol of American foreign expansion policy. Put forward "leave it alone"
Since T Jefferson came to power, the United States has entered a period of large-scale territorial expansion. Its expansion policy clashed sharply with Britain. In the American-British War (18 12), the American attempt to expand northward was frustrated, so it pointed its finger at Latin America. However, the "Holy Alliance" in Europe attempted to interfere with the independence movement in Latin America; Britain also took this opportunity to expand into Latin America. 1823 In August, British Foreign Secretary G. Canning invited the United States to oppose the interference of Russia, the Holy Alliance and Austria in Latin American countries and prohibit the colonization of Latin America, which was approved by Monroe.
1823 65438+On February 2, President Monroe declared in his speech to Congress that the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of European powers or in wars between them; The United States recognizes and does not interfere in the colonies and protectorates of European powers in Latin America; European powers are no longer allowed to colonize South America and North America; Any attempt by any European power to control or oppress the countries of North and South America will be regarded as hostile acts against the United States. Put forward the slogan "America is the America of Americans". It is actually claiming that Latin America belongs to the sphere of influence of the United States. In a sense, Monroe Doctrine objectively played a role in preventing Latin American independent countries from becoming colonies of European powers.
4 influence
20 13 is the 90th anniversary of the publication of the Monroe Declaration. As soon as the Monroe Declaration was published, it caused widespread controversy at that time. 100 for more than a year, various schools have been arguing about Monroe Doctrine with different views. In the subsequent history, Monroe Doctrine became an important foundation of American diplomacy. At that time, the international environment and weak strength of the United States made American foreign policy makers face a severe test when dealing with Latin American independence. Monroe Doctrine declared in peaceful language that the United States began to play an independent role as a great power on the international stage, and its enlightenment to national strategy was thought-provoking.
This policy was first implemented in 1836, before it was named Monroe Doctrine. The United States implemented this policy at that time to oppose the alliance between Texas and Britain.
1845 65438+On February 2, President james polk announced to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly implemented and the United States should actively expand westward.
1852, several politicians cited Monroe Doctrine and advocated that the Spaniards were forcibly expelled from Cuba.
1898, the United States won the Spanish-American War and acquired Cuba and Puerto Rico from Spain.
From 1864 to 1867, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte invaded Mexico and established a puppet regime, which the United States claimed violated "this doctrine". This is the first time that Monroe Doctrine has been publicly called "Doctrine".
1870s, President hiram grant made a broad interpretation of Monroe Doctrine, claiming that the United States of America could not tolerate the mutual transfer of its colonies in America by European countries.
1895, US Secretary of State richard olney once again gave a broad interpretation of Monroe Doctrine, giving the United States the right to mediate border disputes in Latin America. This is olney's explanation.
190265438+On February 9th, the Argentine Foreign Minister issued the drago Doctrine as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine, that is, European powers should not use force to collect debts from American countries.
1904, President theodore roosevelt added Roosevelt's inference to the Monroe Doctrine to ensure that the United States had the right to intervene in Latin America. This is the biggest supplement to Monroe Doctrine.
The Clark Memorandum published in 1930 pointed out that Monroe Doctrine did not give the United States the right to intervene in Latin America without being threatened by the powers of the old world, thus denying Roosevelt's inference.
In 2003, the Monroe Declaration was published 180, which is an important document in American diplomatic history. From the day it was published, it caused widespread controversy. Only in the European countries at that time, the evaluation of it was very different. Advocates such as Galeries Lafayette in France commented that Monroe Doctrine was "the only outstanding work that God allowed mankind to give to the world"; Metternich and other detractors called it "an evil theory and a dangerous example". For a long time, domestic and foreign political circles and academic circles have different opinions on this.
At that time, under the condition of weak American national strength and complicated international environment, American foreign policy makers made a bold and far-sighted decision to publicly announce Monroe Doctrine to the world. "It is a cornerstone of the foreign policy structure of the United States and should be affirmed. It was established by independence and getting along with foreign countries for half a century. Establish a world-famous norm for American foreign policy and firmly root it in the national consciousness. " Monroe Doctrine did not have a direct impact for a long time after its publication, but as later historians commented, "Monroe Doctrine is important not because of what it did, but because of its development". American policy towards Latin America has always been based on this principle, which was not invoked until 1960 when the Soviet Union began to infiltrate Cuba. From the perspective of national strategy, Monroe Doctrine has laid a solid diplomatic foundation for the rising United States, and its strategic significance is thought-provoking.
5 Historical value
The publication of Monroe Declaration originated from the independence movement of Spanish colonies in America. Latin American countries started the independence movement on the occasion of the domestic uprising in Spain and achieved great victory. The United States is the first in the world to recognize the independence of Latin American countries. Faced with the threat of interference from the Holy Alliance, British Foreign Secretary Canning proposed to the United States that the two countries issue a joint statement, opposing the resumption of colonization in Latin America and advocating the recognition of Latin American independence. After a heated debate, American foreign policy makers decided to shelve Canning's proposal and explain the American position independently. It was released by then President Monroe in the form of State of the Union address on February 2, 823/KLOC-0, which is the origin of Monroe Doctrine.
The geographical scope of Monroe Doctrine is in Latin America, and the major powers involved are Spain, Britain, Russia and France. Spain is the sovereign state of the newly independent countries in Latin America, and strongly advocates suppressing the Latin American independence movement. Russia is the leader of the Holy Alliance. It owns Alaska in the United States and tries to expand into Central America. France has close economic relations with Latin America and actively advocates interference in Latin American affairs; Britain was the most powerful country at that time and the largest trading partner of the newly independent countries in Latin America. Although Britain is willing to see the independence of Spanish colonies in Latin America, it has doubts about the United States and tries to contain the expansion of American power. It can be said that the United States is facing a sinister international environment.
The Monroe Declaration was published in the 47th year after American independence. As far as the comprehensive strength of the country is concerned, the United States in Monroe's time was not a strong country, and even a weak country compared with these powerful countries involved. Economically, American manufacturing industry is only about 1/5 of that of Britain, less than half that of Russia and France, and lower than that of Spain, accounting for about 2% of the world's total manufacturing output value. Monroe era is a naked era of power politics. Today, some widely accepted norms of international law and international norms, such as limiting the right to war, are far from being accepted. The most important means for countries to safeguard national interests and strive for international status is war, and the most important tool is the army. During the Monroe period, the military strength of the United States was quite weak. Before the publication of the Monroe Declaration, the United States suffered an economic crisis in 18 19, and some plans to expand its military strength were postponed or cancelled. 182 1 year, the us congress legislated to reduce the size of the army to 6 183. Although the navy adopted a long-term construction plan in 18 19, the expansion plan was also delayed and compressed. 1823, the strength of the US navy was only equivalent to that of France and Russia 1/4. Compared with the huge army of hundreds of thousands of related forces, it is almost negligible. The Holy Alliance threatened to suppress the Latin American independence movement. At that time, only the United States recognized Latin American independence in the international community. What kind of policy it adopts on Latin American independence will be an important test for the young United States.
6 strategic choice
The rise of a great country depends first on sufficient strength, which is the foundation of becoming a great country. However, a great country is finally recognized as a great country by the international community, not just a matter of its own strength. On the road to becoming a big country, it is bound to experience some major tests in its foreign relations. A successful big country will not only stand the test, but more importantly, it will lay a lasting diplomatic tradition of big countries with these major events. These traditional influences are of strategic significance, which in turn will effectively promote the growth of strength. Monroe Doctrine has opened up a long strategic tradition for American diplomacy.
In response to Canning's suggestion, American foreign policy makers have formed two different opinions. Although President Monroe and former Presidents Jefferson and Madison don't trust Britain's intentions, they still believe that "the United States should form an alliance with the only big country that can hurt it to obtain security. This alliance will protect the independence of Latin America, which may be the best way to prevent the Holy Alliance from supporting Spain. Secretary of State Adams, on the other hand, opposed Canning's suggestion, arguing that "it is much more aboveboard and decent to declare our principles to Russia and France directly than to be a small boat trailing behind a British warship, and advocated that the United States should express its opinions independently.
According to the theory of national strategy, there are five national grand strategies: hegemony, self-help, evasion, hitchhiking and transcendence. From the perspective of national strategy, the two different opinions of American policymakers can be roughly classified as "hitchhiking" and "self-help surpassing" strategies respectively. Monroe and others initially advocated accepting Canning's suggestion and issuing a statement with Britain, with the help of British power to achieve the purpose of safeguarding Latin American independence and seeking American security. As Jefferson said, "We don't have to be afraid of Great Britain all over the world." [12] At that time, when the national strength of the United States was weak, it was an ideal choice, and it was reasonable to get the support of most people at the decision-making level in the United States. However, this strategy is a conservative and negative choice. For a big country that is full of energy and wants to make a difference, no major strategic choice can be tolerated. The Monroe Declaration announced a positive choice. It didn't agree with the British proposal, but ignored the invitation of the "superpower" at that time, and published its own independent opinions, which reflected the great power spirit of an emerging country. At the same time, it transcends the disputes between great powers and does not intervene in possible oppositions and conflicts between great powers. The Monroe Declaration does not target specific countries, nor does it make enemies for the United States. It catered to the needs of "pan-americanism" thought prevailing in Latin America at that time [13], so it was widely welcomed by Latin American countries at that time.
Monroe Doctrine shows the world that the United States has begun to exert influence on the world as an independent power, even though its national strength is still weak after half a century of independence. The Monroe Declaration aroused different reactions from the powers, but the final result was that Britain had no choice but to accept Monroe Doctrine, holy alliance suffered a heavy blow and the United States won diplomatic victory. Excluding other evaluation factors, from the perspective of national interests and strategy, the Monroe Declaration is successful. In the later history, Monroe Doctrine shaped the foreign relations of the United States for more than a century in fact and diplomatic style, and the future development and strength of the United States can not be separated from the role of Monroe Doctrine.
7 Achievements and Enlightenment
Monroe Doctrine was published under the weak national strength of the United States, and its presentation and influence lasted for a long time, with the foresight of American policy makers at that time. From the perspective of national strategy, enlightenment is multifaceted, and its significance has gone beyond the Monroe Declaration and even international relations itself.
First of all, Monroe Doctrine embodies the positive influence of a country's advanced social system on foreign policy-making.
Fundamentally speaking, diplomacy is a continuation of a country's internal affairs, and the level of diplomacy is largely a reflection of the domestic political situation. Only an advanced and time-tested political system can stimulate the people's vigorous vitality. The advanced domestic political system will provide a suitable and efficient decision-making system for diplomacy, create a proactive diplomatic style, and be the source of strength for active diplomacy. Moreover, the attraction of the advanced system itself is a major advantage of diplomacy, and its role in attracting other countries to learn from their own systems and increase mutual trust is irreplaceable by material forces. On the contrary, the backward political system will restrict the initiative of diplomacy. On the one hand, the backward political system determines the backwardness of diplomatic decision-making system and the low administrative efficiency; On the other hand, the backward domestic political system often becomes the target of foreign diplomatic attacks, and the great energy of diplomats will be tied to explaining the rationality of the system, which will inevitably affect the strategic decision-making of diplomacy. It can be asserted that the strength of a country without institutional attraction will be greatly restricted and it will be difficult to grow into a long-term big country.
Ernst R. May once pointed out that "as far as Monroe Doctrine is concerned, my conclusion is that the result is best understood through domestic politics". Adams' view was recognized and finally published in the form of Monroe Declaration, which is the product of the appropriate foreign policy-making system in the United States. Before the birth of the socialist system, democracy and institutions were the most advanced social systems. At that time, absolute monarchy was in an absolute dominant position in the world. At that time, the disadvantages of absolute monarchy were fully exposed, and there were signs of decline in western European countries. In contrast, it is the vitality and vigor of American democracy and system. American political elites and ordinary people are full of confidence in democracy and institutions. American isolationism includes the understanding of the superiority of democracy and system, and it is necessary to separate the unique system of the United States from the authoritarian system of the old continent. After all, the Monroe Declaration also contains an understanding of the superiority of its own political system. The "two hemispherism" and "non-expansion principle" in Monroe Doctrine are based on the completely different systems in Europe and the United States, including the democracy and system established by the United States, and the idea that the democracy and system established by the United States in the newly independent countries of America are superior to the autocratic monarchy in the old continent; The latter means that the United States regards the attempt of European powers to expand their backward autocracy and colonial system to the United States as a threat to the "peace and security" of the United States and opposes the restoration of the old system by the Holy Alliance in Latin America. If there are advanced systems to choose from, we should not return to the backward system. "Non-colonial principle" and "non-interference principle" also contain some factors that think democracy and system are superior to authoritarian colonial system. It is not excluded that the Monroe Declaration issued by American policy makers when the national strength was at an absolute disadvantage at that time contained factors of full confidence in democracy and institutions, and the understanding of the superiority of the political system led to positive diplomatic actions, although "the material strength needed for the United States to play this role does not exist if further testing". Monroe Doctrine is popular in Latin American countries because Bolí var, Saint Martin and others are eager to establish democracy and institutions in Latin America. The yearning for the same system has promoted the understanding between Latin America and the United States, and the superiority of the American political system has been transformed into diplomatic advantage.
Secondly, Monroe Doctrine is the continuation and development of the determination and confidence of American political elites to build a strong country.
Whether a country wants to strive for the status of a powerful country must be decided by itself. When the strength is weak, the country often chooses the strategy of "hitchhiking" to accumulate strength for the country's rise. However, if a country wants to eventually become a big country, especially an emerging leading country, it must show a vibrant national mentality before establishing its status as a big country, show a strong desire and confidence to pursue national strength among its citizens, especially the elite, and show a positive and promising attitude in its diplomatic style. Generally speaking, before the status of an emerging power is established, it should at least behave like one. On the premise of maintaining harmony with the existing international system, at some critical moments, with the help of some major events, we can clearly show the world our independent position as a big country, which not only declares to the world the influence that a country should have as a big country, because the success of a country's struggle for the status of a big country ultimately depends on the recognition of other countries, but also establishes a long-standing tradition for its diplomacy. The continuous diplomatic tradition of big countries is a strong and continuous driving force for the country. Of course, this is not to assume more responsibilities than the national strength allows, and to pursue international status that the national strength cannot reach.
During President Roosevelt's administration, he pursued the Monroe Doctrine.
In his farewell speech, Washington expressed the idea of building a "great country with freedom and progress" and set a "noble and novel example of a nation guided by justice and kindness" for mankind. Building a new and powerful country is the constant pursuit of American political elites after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the emerging United States shows signs of vigorous development. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the United States has been pursuing isolationism for a long time, not intervening in the disputes among powers, and wholeheartedly improving its own strength. However, in some major international events, the United States has begun to show its posture as an emerging power. In dealing with the French issue during the Great Revolution, during the 18 12 war between the United States and Britain, American diplomacy began to show its own characteristics, and the publication of the Monroe Declaration made the United States enter the international arena as a new power. Adams' opinion can be accepted by other American policy makers because of his personal factors. More importantly, Monroe and other policy makers share the same ideal of pursuing a strong country. It was not Adams who established the vital belief through one person's struggle, but Monroe who formed the thinking that the United States should be equal to Britain. The attitude of the United States as a big country is also fully reflected in the Monroe Declaration. It (Monroe Doctrine) shows that the United States was already a big country in 1823, and this country has enjoyed today's respect. Among other factors, the strong confidence and determination of American decision-makers in the country played a vital role in the publication of the Monroe Declaration. In the case of overall isolationism, at the critical moment, American policymakers seized the opportunity, won the recognition of the powers, and created a continuing tradition. In fact, it was not until the publication of the Monroe Declaration that the United States began to be regarded as a great power by the great powers at that time, and its status as a great power was accepted by the great powers. Monroe Doctrine has become a cornerstone of American diplomacy, creating a new American diplomatic tradition and continuing it for a long time. Mary Baker Ed wrote in 1923 The New York Times's article commemorating the 0/00th anniversary of Monroe Doctrine/KLOC-0: I believe in Monroe Doctrine, our Constitution and God's laws strictly.
Finally, emerging powers should lead international relations towards civilization and progress.
Throughout the development of the international community, we can see that the international community is moving towards civilization and progress, which has promoted the continuous progress and civilization of international relations. At the same time, the development of the international community is staged, and the international community has specific requirements for the behavior and moral standards of big countries in different historical periods. The existing powers maintain their status as great powers, and the rising of emerging powers will inevitably consciously or unconsciously make their own behavior and moral standards meet the requirements of the times and become a guide to the progress of the international relations system; A big country that can't meet the requirements of the progress of the times will eventually be abandoned by historical choices in the process of historical development. It is the inevitable result of historical progress that the international community has developed from the initial "everyone fighting for everyone" to today's relatively civilized state. For the emerging powers in the process of rising, they should not only strengthen their own strength, but also introduce new norms for the international community in the field of international relations, and lead the international relations in their time to civilization and progress. If this can be done, the country will be supported by moral power. At any time, the rise of emerging powers, especially the leading countries that create a new international era, cannot be separated from the support of moral power, which is ahead of schedule.
During the Monroe period, the international mainstream political system was absolute monarchy, the norms of international relations were balanced politics based on balance of power, and the colonial system prevailed. A big country rising in such an era should follow the existing norms of international civilization and promote the existing international civilization. American democracy and system have injected new choices into the international community and represented the development direction of that era. As mentioned above, this is a great advantage of American diplomacy. The United States has never participated in the balance of power system in history, and the Monroe Declaration contains the rejection of the balance of power system. When the powers were busy with the power struggle, the United States temporarily stayed out of it, which was beyond the universal norms of international relations at that time. Monroe Doctrine put forward the "decolonization principle", which adapted to the trend of Latin American countries seeking independence, played a role in preventing Latin America from resuming colonialism to a certain extent, won the recognition of independent Latin American countries, and was widely welcomed in Latin America at that time, which was the progress of international relations at that time. The principle of non-expansion and the principle of non-interference also had a great influence on other big countries accustomed to expansion and interference at that time, so conservative metternich cursed the Monroe Declaration as "an example of evil doctrine and danger". In the Monroe era, the Monroe Declaration represented the progressive direction of international relations civilization to a certain extent, and the intangible force of morality played a role in making up for the lack of strength of the United States.
Undeniably, Monroe Doctrine itself contains the ambition of the United States to control Latin America. In later history, Monroe Doctrine was continuously expanded by American expansionists and developed into a cover of American expansionism. Judging from the standards of international civilization today, it is desirable and necessary to condemn the norms of international relations it represents. This is also the reason why Monroe Doctrine cannot be affirmed.
8 points
Three main points of Monroe doctrine statement, plus one point of President Roosevelt. First, European countries can no longer colonize any American country. Secondly, in foreign policy, the Washington principle is implemented, that is, the United States will only intervene in European affairs if its own interests are damaged. Third, the United States regards any attempt to colonize the United States as a threat to national security. Roosevelt summed up the above three points and added a sentence:' Speak politely, but with a big stick.'
9 criticism
Some people interpret Monroe Doctrine as having the connotation of isolationism-see American Non-isolationism; Others assert that Monroe Doctrine is actually an exercise of hegemony and a statement of unilateral prudent intervention in countries in the Western Hemisphere, taking British colonies as an example. It is pointed out that since 1846, there have been 30 military interventions and 47 covert or indirect actions in Latin America.
Therefore, many Latin American countries hate this "Monroe Doctrine", which is formed by the slogan "American America/American America". Slogans translated into Spanish have, to a great extent, become the voice of fate. The word American/Americano originally represented all the inhabitants of the American continent, but in American usage, it almost refers to Americans alone, so this slogan clearly implies that the United States belongs to the United States.
10 cold war
During the Cold War [2], Monroe Doctrine became the framework of American foreign policy towards Latin America. 1959 after the Cuban revolution, a pro-Soviet socialist regime was established. The appeal of Monroe Doctrine resurfaced in the United States, but this time it was used to prevent the Soviet-led capitalism from expanding further in Latin America. During the Cold War, the United States therefore provided intelligence and military assistance to the governments of Central America and Latin America that claimed to have been subverted by the * * * production party. This move caused controversy in the United States. Left-wing politicians in China believe that the infiltration threat of the * * * production party to Latin America and the influence of the Soviet Union on the local area have been greatly exaggerated. (see PBSUCCESS task)
The debate about neo-Monroe Doctrine appeared in 1980' s and became a part of the Iran-contra controversy. The CIA secretly trained anti-government guerrillas in Nicaragua with the intention of overthrowing the Sanding revolutionary government and President Daniel Odga. This incident was exposed along with other events. During the civil war in Nepal, about 65,438+04,000 people died and 65,438+05,000 people were displaced. Robert Gates, director of the US Central Intelligence Agency, vigorously defended this secret mission, claiming that if the United States does not intervene in Nicaragua, it will "completely abandon the Monroe Doctrine".
Critics accused the United States of ignoring Monroe Doctrine when supporting Britain in Falklands War. However, an American country (Argentina) attacking the territory of a big European country (Britain) because of a colonial dispute is neither in line with the interests of the United States nor with the usual Monroe Doctrine.