-Interpretation of railway completion

I. Theme of work

1In the winter of 928, 17-year-old Xiao Hong experienced the first anti-imperialist student movement in her life. Nine years later, she replaced it with vividness

In a humorous style, the work describes the process of her participation in the demonstration, as well as her psychology and modality at that time. She captured the spiritual breath of herself and others in the context of the times with the exquisite brushwork of women, and truly described the patriotic actions of people at that time from a perspective different from traditional stereotypes and a distinct self-position.

"Walking on the stone street, I met a Japanese woman, ... we just shouted at her. On the other hand, we use our own glorious emotions to understand her embarrassing appearance ","It sounds a little barbaric to me that the male students are crying with their feet stamped ","There are many kinds of voices in my ears, which are not loud, not far or loud, but they feel heavy and bring pressure, like a ball sizzling from a small hole, and I am not sure myself "

People's righteousness is strict, which seems a little weak and ridiculous. Just patriotic enthusiasm, noisy and chaotic parade, bloody and helpless sports results constitute the "disharmony" contrast, and a just movement seems to be a game.

However, the value of the work lies in Xiao Hong's respect for history. Every stroke of hers vividly and calmly reproduces the enthusiasm of students in that particular historical era to resolutely safeguard national dignity, and this enthusiasm also contains childish and confused spiritual factors. For example, the demonstration that Xiao Hong participated in is also a node with research value in the trajectory of China people's struggle against imperialism and saving the country in the past century.

Second, the hierarchical structure

The full text can be divided into three parts according to the development order of things.

The first part: "The Story of 1928" ... When I turned around, I saw several female students urinating their pants (because I didn't meet the toilet for a day). "

This part is about my reluctance and fruitless process on the first day when I participated in the anti-Japanese road demonstration of Harbin students. Can be divided into two layers—

First, write about the reason why students from Harbin Girls' Middle School, including "I", participated in the Volunteer Parade is that they were "robbed" by male students into the team-

"Boy Scouts with long sticks", "Rushed into the teacher's room, rushed into the principal's room" and "I heard something in the principal's room". The headmistress was "as weak as a chicken caught by an eagle. She was dragged on her arm by two boy scouts in big hats." There are so many people I have never met, which makes me imagine the army, horses and waves ... in short, I am a little scared of it. ""those male students are still running around in the yard, searching around, as if it were an insult to the thief! Insult! They actually searched the toilet ... "

The female middle school students who read loudly are just like unknown so, and even dragged into the parade by force. However, young people feel a kind of excitement-

"There seems to be a great event waiting to happen, so there is a solemn and generous emotion flowing in our veins."

Next, write that the procession passed the Japanese consulate, the chief executive's office and the education department. Waiting in front of Daoyin's office, Daoyin didn't come out after all. The author vividly shows the psychological changes of "I"-

"But not far from the school gate, I forgot my anger at this insult. Toward Lama Terrace, toward the railway station. Primary school, middle school, big school, a team of thousands of people ... at that time, I felt that I was among these thousands of people, and I felt that my steps were very firm. Everything I saw became serious, whether it was stones on the road or street trees that had fallen leaves. Anyway, I am standing in the cry of' down with Japanese imperialism'. " The surrounding students' emotions infected "I" more strongly, so they shouted slogans and experienced the glory of the student movement. At the same time, the author also recorded the embarrassment behind the glory with calm and delicate brushstrokes-"This is not a terrible thing. As soon as I turned around, I saw several female students urinating their pants (because I didn't meet the toilet one day). "

The second part: "No male students came to grab it the next day" ... I heard their comments about injuries and ambulances.

This part describes the process of "demonstration" organized by students' union for patriotic students. Under the propaganda of anti-Japanese railway construction, "I" voluntarily joined the propaganda team. The motorcade had a bloody clash with the police of Binjiang county government in Binjiang. The author's concise description of the incident exposed the reactionary face of the authorities, and also truthfully described the chaotic state of the parade and the fierce conflict between the students and the authorities, which truly reproduced the excitement, excitement and soul-stirring brought by this student demonstration movement to a middle school student.

"Although I am as scared as others, I feel that this new moment is coming like a bud in my hand." "There are many kinds of sounds in my ears, not too loud, not too far, not too loud, but it feels heavy and brings pressure, just like the ball sizzling from a small hole. I am not sure myself." Female students are the most crowded in, and male students are all carried ashore. They are covered with foam and smell. The way they are crazy is ridiculous. They scratch their hair with gloves with foam and scum, and some are like people with epilepsy. She has been running in the crowd ... "

"For gunfire, people like to see such a warm spark. As for "overthrowing Japanese imperialism" and "opposing Japan's completion of Jidun Road", the matter itself has been forgotten, and the only thing to overthrow is the Binjiang County Government. Later, even the county government forgot, only' down with the police; "Down with the police ..." "

The third part: "The next day's newspaper published photos of those injured students" ... The railway was finally built. "

Explain the result of this student patriotic movement: it failed to stop Japan from building the Jidun Railway.

Third, writing characteristics

Being in it can be surpassed, with simple words and deep feelings. It is a prominent feature of this essay to carry out extremely true personal narrative from a unique perspective.

Most of the works that show the student movement show the process and great significance of the student movement in the background of the times, highlighting the improvement of students' image and eulogizing their excellent quality. From 65438 to 0928, the "November 9th" Anti-Japanese Railway Protection Movement in Harbin was a large-scale patriotic student movement in the history of Harbin student movement. Although it failed to prevent Japan from building a railway in the northeast, it still well reflected the determination and sense of responsibility of the majority of students to safeguard national dignity and protect national sovereignty from infringement.

However, the author did not focus on the background of the incident, highlighting the students' fearless patriotism. Compared with the vigorous student sports scenes, the author pays more attention to the real and concrete people, especially the mentality and spiritual characteristics of ordinary people. This paper examines the process and significance of this student movement from the perspective of an ordinary middle school student who did not understand the aggressive intention of the Japanese government at that time. Whether it's the ignorance when the parade was just caught, the excitement and pride caused by being infected during the parade, or the enthusiasm and volunteer under the guidance of the student union president, the excitement and panic when facing the conflict with the armed police ... we didn't see death, nor did we see the rapid improvement of ideological consciousness. On the contrary, "as for' overthrowing Japanese imperialism' and' opposing Japan's completion of Jidun Road', this matter itself has been forgotten, and the only thing to overthrow is the Binjiang County Government. Later, even the county government forgot, only' down with the police; Down with the police ... ","I found this struggle more interesting than at the beginning. At that time,' Japanese imperialism', I believe I have never seen it, but I have seen the police, so I shouted,' Down with the police! ","I have leaflets in my hand, and I let them drift with the wind, only a flag and my throat pass through the scattered seams "... It is extremely true, which shows us that the author faithfully examines herself and the calmness and profundity of the times with her intuition and delicacy through wild slogans and passionate vows.

(Ji) According to

2. Xiao Hong, a unique female writer

Xiao Hong is not a "great" writer in the history of modern literature in China, but she is a writer with a unique style.

Her real name is Zhang Naiying, 19 1 1 was born in a landlord's family in Hulan County, Heilongjiang Province on June 2. She lost her mother when she was young, and her father, Zhang Tingju, was a ruthless bureaucrat. Only her grandfather Zhang Weizhen gave her love and warmth and became her first teacher. 1920 with grandpa's support, I was able to enter Nanguan primary school in this county. 1925, she entered the first girls' high school in this county. This year, she participated in the charity performance of our school to support the victims of May 30th, and played a girl who resisted the arranged marriage in a play called Ao Shuang Branch.

From 65438 to 0927, he left his hometown Hulan County and entered the No.1 Girls' Middle School in Harbin East Special Zone. During this period, he became interested in art and literature. 1928, 1 1 June, participated in the demonstration against Japanese imperialism to build Jidun Railway. 1930, grandpa died, losing the only protector in the family. At the instigation of his stepmother, his father arranged a marriage for Xiao Hong, and colluded with the principal of the first female middle school to cancel Xiao Hong's student status in the first female middle school and was forced to return to China.

/kloc-in the winter of 0/928, Xiao Hong experienced the first anti-imperialist student movement in her life, which was not the same as the struggle between teachers and students in the classroom. 1927 In June, Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka, known as the "conqueror of China", held the "Oriental Conference" in Tokyo, planned the war of aggression against China, and formulated a plot to split Manchuria from China. Was Zhang induced by the Japanese side to sign the "Manchu-Mongolian New Fifth Road Agreement"? In the draft, five railway trunk lines from Changchun to Datun and Jilin to Wuchang will be built by Japanese loans. Once the fifth road is completed, it will connect South Manchuria and the Middle East, and Japan can quickly occupy the three northeastern provinces along the route and go straight to Siberia. Although the treaty has been signed, Zhang has delayed its implementation. 1On June 4th, 928, the Japanese army created the "Huanggutun Incident", killed Zhang, and used Zhang Xueliang's rule in the northeast to coerce him to keep his promise. News spread, Yanbian, Fengtian, Jilin, Changchun, Qiqihar and other places have set off anti-Japanese road protection demonstrations, anti-imperialist sentiment reached an unprecedented climax. 165438+1On October 4th, representatives from No.1 Middle School and No.2 Middle School in Harbin East Special Zone, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin Institute of Political Science and Law and other schools gathered in No.1 Middle School Auditorium for a meeting, and established the "Harbin Students' Union for Protecting Road Rights", and decided to hold a city-wide student anti-Japanese road protection parade the next day. 165438+1On October 5th, more than 2,000 students took to the streets. At that time, the walls of the girls' middle school were still covered with books, and everything was as usual. Xiaohong's class is having an English class. Later, when a railway was completed, she described their participation in the demonstration in a vivid and humorous way.

1930, in order to resist arranged marriage and family persecution, he resolutely ran away from home, first from Hulan county to Harbin, and then from Harbin to Beijing, and began a wandering life. 193 1, the fiance arranged by the family chased after Beijing. Under the deception of this person, Xiaohong moved in with her, and returned to Harbin on 1932, staying at Dongxing Shun Hotel located at 16th Avenue in Zhengyang. After owing more than 600 yuan for room and board, the man left Xiaohong, who was about to give birth, in the hotel under the pretext of going home to withdraw money. In order to recover the economic loss, the hotel owner is going to sell Xiaohong to a nearby brothel. In such a critical situation, we got help from Jun Xiao, Shu Qun and others. In the chaos of Songhua River flood, Jun Xiao took Xiaohong out of Dongxing Shun Hotel and sent her to the First Hospital of the city, where she gave birth to a girl. Because Xiaohong was seriously ill and had financial difficulties after delivery, Xiaojun gave the girl to others. After escaping from this hotel, Xiao Hong and Xiao Jun lived alone. First, they lived in a Europa hotel opened by Belarusians on 11th Street in Daoli, and then they moved to a small room in the courtyard of No.25 Shangshi Street in Daoli, and began a poor but dependent life.

From 65438 to 0933, driven and influenced by progressive writers in Northeast China, Xiao Hong began to engage in literary creation activities, and published short stories, essays and poems in the supplement of Datong Society and Night Whistle successively, such as the short stories Abandoned Children, Two Frogs, Little Black Dog, Mute and Night Whistle. In terms of creative skills, because Xiao Hong is still a very young beginner writer, these works reveal the author's artistic naivety in both characterization and plot arrangement. However, judging from the theme that the writer focuses on, we can see that her creative attitude is very serious. Influenced by left-wing writers, she turned her attention to the vast number of enslaved and exploited working people at the beginning of her creation. In The Death of Aunt Wang, she wrote about the experience of a pair of farm workers. In Watching Kites, she wrote about the experience of a poor old employee. She deeply sympathized with the sufferings of the working people and was excited to see their awakening and struggle. In The Night Wind, she wrote the story that the shepherd boy Changqing and his mother were cornered by the landlord and had to get up and take part in the riot. The 22-year-old female writer who just started writing shows concern for social problems and sympathy for working people in these works. 1934 10, with the help of friends, Xiao Hong combined her five short stories (Death of Sister Wang, Advertising Assistant, Little Black Dog, Watching Kites, Night Wind) with six short stories of Xiao Jun into a novel collection "Trekking", which was paid by Harbin Wuhua Printing Society.

1 In June, 934, Xiao Hong and Xiao Jun left Harbin, went to Qingdao via Dalian, and lived in a two-story building atNo.1,Guanxiang Road, Guanxiang Mountain, next to Shu Qun. In September, I finished writing the novel "Field of Life and Death" here.

The conception of this novel began in Harbin period, and the fragments of the first half were serialized in Harbin International Association Literary Weekly from April to June of 1934. This book has seventeen chapters. In the first section "Wheat Field" to the tenth section "Ten Years", the author described the poor life of farmers in Northeast China with a perceptual style. They were cruelly squeezed by the landlord class. Every day, 365 days a year, my back is facing the blue sky and my face is facing the loess. After hard work, they are tired and lame, but they still have insufficient food and clothing, and suffer from hunger and disease. In this life, some women give birth to deformed children. Xiao Hong vividly wrote the tragic fate of several peasant women with the careful observation of female authors. Wang Po, the heroine, is a poor peasant and an old woman who has suffered a lot. Her first husband abused her, and then she simply abandoned her and her children and ran into the customs alone. In order to survive, she had to marry a second husband, but this husband died of poverty and disease. She had to marry her third husband, Lao Zhao San. When she was old, her son was shot by the reactionary regime for resisting the government. She felt hopeless and committed suicide in a rage, but when she was about to be buried, she came back to life. Jin Zhi, another girl from a poor peasant family, is only 17 years old. Like all young people, she dreams of being young and happy. But what did life bring her? A lover is a rude person. She was pregnant before she entered the door, and she was ridiculed by her mother and the women in the same village. After marriage, her husband suspected that she and her newborn daughter had dragged him down, and even threw Xiaojinzhi, who was born less than a month ago, to death. There is also a young woman from a poor peasant family, Yue Ying, who was originally the most beautiful and gentle woman in the village. She became a burden to her husband because of paralysis. Without food and water, her lower body rotted and maggots were born. She kept moaning and crying all day, so she rotted alive. By describing the fate of the three characters in the novel, the author shows the readers the tragic experience of poor women in the north and inspires them to hate the dark real society. Section 1 1 Annual Ring Turning to Section 17 Incomplete Leg describes that the Japanese army who claimed to be the "king" stepped into this small village after the September 18th Incident. The broad masses of peasants cruelly squeezed by the landlord class directly pressed against an imperialist mountain. Do you want to be a conquered person, killed, robbed and raped, or do you want to stand up and resist? In the second half of the work, Xiao Hong describes the story of these oppressed farmers' gradual awakening and struggle with the heroic style that ordinary women writers can't control. Their relatives were shot, their neighbors were kidnapped, there were more and more widows in the village, women were raped and even a chicken was taken away. It is these miserable farmers who watch the broken flags during the day and declare "king" and secretly organize at night. Wang Po, who was in trouble, stood up stubbornly. She stood guard for the secret society outside the window. Zhao San became a secret propagandist of the Volunteers, and went door-to-door day and night. A widow in the east village sent her children back to her parents' home to join the volunteers. Even the timid and lame man who lived with a beloved goat for a lifetime bid farewell to the old goat and joined the volunteers with the team leader. The author used a lot of space to describe the day when the people took the oath, and set off the people's determination to fight the war to the end with a sad atmosphere.

Life and Death Field is one of the earliest anti-Japanese novels in 1930s. Its publication is the result of Mr. Lu Xun's concern and help. 1934 10 In early June, Jun Xiao, who lives in Qingdao, began to write to Mr. Lu Xun, who lives in Shanghai. At the end of 10, due to the arrest of their friends, Xiao and his wife left Qingdao for Shanghai in a hurry. After staying in a pavilion in Lufu Xianfang, they began to communicate frequently with Mr. Lu Xun. 165438+1On October 30th, Xiao Jun and Xiao Hong met Mr. Lu Xun for the first time in Neishan Bookstore. After that, Xiao Hong's creation and life were cared and helped by Mr. Lu Xun. Xiao Hong handed the manuscript of Life and Death Field to Lu Xun, who carefully revised it and introduced it to Huang Yuan in time, suggesting that it be published in Literature magazine published by Life Bookstore. However, under the rule of the Kuomintang, the censorship of books and newspapers in old China was extremely strict. Although Literature magazine is willing to be published, it has to be sent to the Books and Newspapers Review Committee of the Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee for review. After detaining the manuscript for half a year, these cultural swordsmen came to the conclusion that it is not allowed to be published. They are servile to the invaders, but they are so overbearing and vicious to their compatriots and progressive writers. Their behavior aroused Lu Xun's anger. In order to support the birth of literary works reflecting the anti-Japanese struggle, under the arrangement of Lu Xun, The Field of Life and Death was finally published by Shanghai Rongguang Bookstore in 1935 and 65438+February, and was prefaced by himself. Xiao Hong herself made a cover painting for the cover of the book, drawing a map of the Chinese nation, which was roughly cut off by a straight line in the three northeastern provinces, just like a sharp axe, symbolizing that the three northeastern provinces were being ravaged and destroyed by Japanese invaders.

Judging from the writing skills, Life and Death Field has made great progress compared with the short stories written in Harbin a few years ago, but it still has obvious shortcomings. As Mr. Lu Xun euphemistically pointed out in the preface of Xiao Hong's Life and Death Field: "Narration and scenery description are better than character description", except that the characters are not bright enough, the structure sometimes appears loose and incomplete. However, the works created by this young writer in exile in Northeast China filled the blank of anti-Japanese novels in Shanghai literary world at that time, and made readers in Shanghai and the rear area understand the sufferings and struggles of the people in Northeast China. As Lu Xun pointed out: "The people in the north are born strong, but they often have a deep understanding of the struggle for death" (Lu Xun's preface to Xiao Hong (the field of life and death)). Every reader who loves the motherland will have deep sympathy for his compatriots in Northeast China after reading it, and at the same time have a desire to fight.