In order to vigorously carry out the workers' movement, the China * * * Production Party established the "China Trade Union Secretary Department", which is the general organ of the public workers' movement. The headquarters was originally located in Shanghai, but later moved to Beijing. Zhang and Deng Zhongxia successively served as directors, with local branches in Beijing, Han, Hunan, Guangdong and Shanghai. The Secretariat published Labor Weekly, organized workers' schools, organized industrial trade unions, and launched strike struggles such as Shanghai Tobacco Factory, Wuchang (Sha) section of Guangdong-Han Railway, and rickshaw pullers in Hanmen Concession. The party's political influence on workers and the whole society is expanding day by day.
1922 in may, the China trade union secretariat proposed to hold the first national labor conference in Guangzhou to discuss issues such as strengthening national workers' unity. 162 trade union representatives from all political factions in China attended the meeting. "Because the * * * production party enjoys great prestige in the congress", all parties have not raised any objection to the three slogans of "Down with imperialism", "Down with warlords" and "Long live the * * * production party in China". The Congress passed the proposal that before the establishment of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the China Trade Union Secretariat was the national general liaison organ, and in fact it was recognized as the only leading organ in the country. This is also a confirmation of the leading position of China's * * * production party in the workers' movement. The success of this congress "led the working class to the road of national unity". (Deng Zhongxia's Collected Works, page 4865438 +0.485)
Around the first national labor conference, the first climax of the workers' movement in China began with the Hong Kong seamen's strike in June 1922 and ended with the workers' strike in February 1923. In the past 13 months, there have been 100 strikes all over the country, with more than 300,000 participants.
The seamen's strike in Hongkong was the first organized struggle between the working class and the imperialist forces in China. It started in Hong Kong and spread to the Yangtze River for four months. /kloc-in October, Hong Kong seafarers went on strike and demanded higher wages. Under the leadership of Su, Lin Weimin and others, they overcame all kinds of obstacles and sabotage by the British authorities in Hong Kong and persisted in striking for 50 or 60 days, paralyzing Hong Kong's maritime shipping, local transportation and production. Finally, they forced the British Hong Kong authorities to cancel the order to close the seamen's union and promised to increase their wages by 15-30%. "Seventy years of brilliant British imperialism finally succumbed to the strength of China sailors" (collected works of Deng Zhongxia, p. 476). The strike was supported by Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang because of its anti-imperialist nature. The China Trade Union Secretariat also provided assistance for the Yangtze River seafarers' strike. The victory of the strike strengthened the fighting courage and confidence of the working class and promoted the development of the national workers' movement.
Anyuan coal mine club
The strike of workers in Anyuan Road Mine (Anyuan Coal Mine in Pingxiang County, Jiangxi Province and the railway from the coal mine to Zhuzhou) is one of the main strikes held by workers in South China at the height of the workers' movement. Anyuan Road Mine has 17000 workers. Came to Anyuan to investigate, and then Li came here to work. On may 1 day, 1922, Anyuan road and mine workers' club (trade union) was announced. In early September, Mao Zedong came to Anyuan to deploy the strike. Then, Liu Shaoqi also came to work here. In order to claim that the club has the right to raise wages on behalf of workers, the strike began on September 14. The striking workers demanded 17 conditions, such as guaranteeing the workers' political rights and improving their treatment. After the plot to bribe the workers' leaders and assassinate Li went bankrupt, the railway and mining authorities invited local warlords to set up martial law headquarters in Anyuan. When Liu Shaoqi went to the talks, thousands of workers once surrounded the martial law headquarters to protect their representatives. * * * The producers adopted appropriate strategies in the strike. Liu Shaoqi said: "We should tell the cadres and party member in advance that the purpose of the revolution is to seize power. Workers can't be completely liberated before they gain political power. Therefore, the conditions put forward in the strike can only be limited. The outcome of the negotiations must also be limited. As long as the wages are increased and the workers' club is recognized, the strike will be declared victory and the strike will be ended. " (Quoted from Preface to Collected Works of People's Daily 199 1 March 13) Due to the heroic struggle of workers and the unity of all walks of life, the railway and mining authorities were forced to recognize most of the conditions put forward by workers, and the three-day Anyuan strike ended successfully. The number of workers' club members has rapidly increased from 700 before the strike to 1 10,000.
The workers' strike in Kailuan coal mine is one of the main strikes held by workers in the north during the climax of the workers' movement. 1922101On October 23rd, Kailuan miners went on strike, demanding higher wages and recognition of workers' clubs. The strike of 50,000 miners in Kailuan Coal Mine lasted for more than 20 days, and the miners also organized pickets to maintain order. Peng, secretary of the China Trade Union Secretariat, led the struggle. During the strike, the workers demonstrating in front of the Mining Bureau were killed and injured by the military police who came to suppress them. But the strikers were not discouraged by wyndell dichinson, and none of them returned to work privately; Only considering that the strike was protracted and difficult to persist, the Mining Bureau accepted the mediation of relevant parties and reluctantly resumed work after appropriately raising the wages of workers.
The workers of Jinghan Railway went on strike in order to establish the Jinghan Railway Trade Union Federation. The main leaders are producers such as Zhang and Luo. The Jinghan Railway is an important traffic lifeline, and one of its main sources of income is the salary of Wu, the head of the direct warlord. Han Jing Railway Federation of Trade Unions was scheduled to hold its inaugural meeting in Zhengzhou on February 1923. Wu, who was electrified to "protect workers", immediately turned his face and ordered the military to "stop the meeting." 1 February, Zhengzhou was under martial law. Workers' representatives broke through the military and police blockade and poured into the venue, shouting slogans such as "Long live the Han Jing Railway Trade Union Federation". As the Federation of Trade Unions was destroyed, the representative's apartment was surrounded and the meeting could not be held. The Federation of Trade Unions called on all railway workers to strike and "fight for freedom and human rights". On February 4th, more than 20,000 workers on the 2,000-mile-long Jinghan Railway held an orderly strike by the General Union within three hours. On February 7, with the support of imperialist forces, the military and police were mobilized to suppress the strikers along the railway. The reactionaries tied Lin Xiangqian (party member), chairman of the Jiang 'an branch of the Beijing-Han Railway Federation of Trade Unions, to a telephone pole and forced him to order a return to work. Lin Xiangqian would rather die than surrender and die bravely. Shi Yang (party member by * * *), the joint legal adviser of Wuhan Trade Union, who came to attend the inaugural meeting of Beijing-Han Railway General Association, was also killed in Wuhan. Shi Yang was shot three times before he died, and still shouted "Long live the laborers". In this tragedy, 52 people were killed, more than 300 people were injured, more than 40 people were arrested and imprisoned, and more than one person was deported.
Erqi memorial tower
Due to the brutal suppression of warlords, after the February 27th tragedy, except for Guangdong and Hunan, trade union organizations in various places were closed, and the workers' mood once tended to be low, and the national workers' movement temporarily turned to a low ebb.
The workers' struggle in this period was mainly initiated and organized under the leadership of China * * * Production Party. These struggles showed the firm revolutionary and powerful fighting capacity of the working class in China, expanded the political influence of the China * * * Production Party as the vanguard of the working class in the whole country, and prepared certain conditions for the party to establish cooperative relations with other revolutionary forces and set off a national revolution.
Through the struggle in this period, China's * * * production party moved closer to the working class, and the party's own construction was strengthened. 1June, 922, the central government plans to accept one more worker, party member. With the development of workers' struggle, a number of outstanding figures emerged among workers, such as Su, Li, Xiang Ying, Deng Pei and Wang Hebo. , has joined the ranks of the party. Grassroots party organizations in industrial and mining enterprises have also begun to be established. For example, Anyuan Road Mine established a party branch in February 1922, and by May 1924, there were more than 60 people in party member.
The struggle during this period provided some important lessons. First, the enemies of the China Revolution are very powerful. In order to defeat the powerful enemy, it is not enough to rely solely on the struggle of the proletariat. We must take advantage of every possible opportunity to win over all possible allies. Second, in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, workers did not enjoy the minimum democratic rights, and almost all large-scale workers' struggles were suppressed by reactionary military police. Therefore, to win the revolution, we can't just rely on strikes as weapons, but mainly engage in legal struggle. In a statement issued after the February 27th massacre, the secretary of the China Trade Union pointed out: "Workers can have weapons. How can they be allowed to kill people like this?" (China Trade Union Secretariat: The Course of the 227 Massacre, 1923, see Selected Materials of the 227 Strike, Workers Publishing House, 1983, p. 206. ) It is with these experiences and lessons that the young China * * * production party entered the Great Revolution period based on the cooperation between countries.
Impact and lessons:
The climax of the first movement showed the great strength of the working class in China, strengthened the ties between the Party and the working masses, and enhanced the prestige of the Party and the working class among the people of the whole country. The first climax of the workers' movement was launched and organized under the leadership of the China * * * Production Party. These struggles showed the firm revolutionary and powerful fighting capacity of the working class in China, expanded the political influence of the China * * * Production Party as the vanguard of the working class in the whole country, and prepared certain conditions for the party to establish cooperative relations with other revolutionary forces and set off a national revolution. Through these struggles, the China * * * production party has further strengthened its relationship with the working class and strengthened its own construction. At the same time, these struggles have provided important lessons for young China producers; First, in the China revolution, to defeat the powerful enemy, it is not enough to rely on the proletariat to fight alone. We must win over all possible allies; Second, it is impossible for China's revolution to win only by legal struggles such as strikes. Revolutionary armed struggle is necessary.