Air defense is a defense against air raid or aerial reconnaissance. Including civil air defense, military air defense and important air defense. According to means, it is divided into active air defense and passive air defense.
Active air defense refers to air defense by destroying and intercepting enemy air attack weapons;
Passive air defense is an air defense that prevents enemy air-raid weapons from exerting their effectiveness or eliminating the consequences of air-raid.
Civil air defense belongs to passive air defense, and the main protective measures are: building civil air defense projects, evacuating people and materials, implementing camouflage, implementing lighting control and taking rescue measures.
The basic means of civil air defense can be summarized as "going", "hiding" and "eliminating". The so-called "going" means organizing personnel evacuation in time. The so-called "hiding" means entering the civil air defense fortifications in time to hide. The so-called "elimination" means eliminating the consequences caused by air strikes in time.
2. Knowledge of air defense and disaster prevention
Basic knowledge of air defense and disaster prevention 1. Knowledge of laws and regulations 1. The purpose, tasks, principles and principles of civil air defense and the rights and obligations of citizens 1. The purpose of civil air defense is to protect people's lives and property and ensure the smooth progress of socialist modernization.
The task of civil air defense is: the state mobilizes and organizes the masses to take protective measures to prevent and mitigate the harm of air strikes according to the needs of national defense. The principles of civil air defense are: long-term preparation, key construction and combination of peacetime and wartime.
④ The principle of civil air defense is to implement the principle of coordinated development with economic construction and integration with urban construction. Article 8 of the Civil Air Defense Law stipulates that all organizations and individuals have the right to be protected by civil air defense and must fulfill their civil air defense obligations according to law.
⑥ Citizens' rights include: air raid evacuation, refuge, medical aid and assistance, necessary articles for daily use, and receiving civil air defense knowledge education and skills training. 7. Citizens' obligations are: to participate in civil air defense construction, pay civil air defense fees, perform civil air defense duties, protect civil air defense facilities, join mass air defense organizations, receive civil air defense education and training, and carry out mutual assistance.
2. Important economic targets Important economic targets refer to important industrial and mining enterprises, scientific research bases, transportation hubs, communication hubs, bridges, reservoirs, warehouses and power stations. These are directly related to the national economy and people's livelihood and the war potential. Important economic targets are divided into seven categories, namely news and communication, energy and electricity, transportation hub, military base potential, lifeline project, secondary disaster source and financial management.
According to the position and role of important economic targets in wartime, the ability to support the war, the impact on people's lives, production and life, and the scale and value of production, it is divided into three levels from high to low, namely, level 1, level 2 and level 3. 3. Name of air defense organization: ① Professional emergency repair team; (2) medical rescue professional team; (3) fire fighting professional team; (4) Public security professional team; ⑤ Professional team of chemical prevention and epidemic prevention; ⑥ Communication professional team; ⑦ Transportation professional team; Eight high-tech professional teams.
4. Air defense control Air defense control includes: public security control, traffic control, lighting control, radio control and sound control. 5, population evacuation, population evacuation refers to the threat of war, the population will be evacuated and properly placed in a safe area.
According to the timing, it can be divided into early evacuation, imminent evacuation and emergency evacuation. Masking refers to the use of urban or suburban topography, civil air defense projects and underground facilities to implement masking actions.
6, try to sound air defense alarm and signal people at or above the county level * * * according to the need to organize air defense alarm. The air defense warning scheme for trial sounding shall be formulated by the competent department of civil air defense in conjunction with the departments of communications, radio and television, public security, etc. , after the approval of the people's government at the corresponding level, organize the implementation, and make an announcement five days before the trial.
In our province, September 18 is designated as the day of trial sounding of air defense alarm, and it is stipulated to organize an air defense alarm trial sounding once a year. The state stipulates that air defense warning signals can be divided into three types: early warning, air raid warning and lifting warning.
① Early warning: sound for 36 seconds, stop for 24 seconds, repeat for three times as a cycle, and the time is 3 minutes. ② Air raid alarm: sound for 6 seconds, stop for 6 seconds, repeat 15 times as a cycle, and the time is 3 minutes.
(3) Deactivate the alarm: continuously sound for 3 minutes. 7. The significance of building an air defense basement in new civil buildings in cities: it is an important way to protect urban residents from local refuge in wartime and reduce casualties, and it is extremely important to maintain the stability of ground buildings in peacetime earthquake relief.
At the same time, compared with the underground protective building built separately, it not only saves manpower, material resources and financial resources, but also makes full use of urban underground space and greatly saves urban land. 8. Emergencies and level emergencies: refer to natural disasters, accidents, public health incidents and social security incidents that occur suddenly and cause or may cause serious social harm and need to be dealt with by emergency measures.
Grades: Natural disasters, accident disasters and public health incidents are divided into four grades: particularly significant, significant, significant and general according to factors such as the degree of social harm and the scope of influence. 9. Emergency management system The state has established an emergency management system with unified leadership, comprehensive coordination, classified management, graded responsibility and territorial management as the mainstay.
10, emergency response principles, emergency response work to implement the principle of putting prevention first and combining emergency prevention. 1 1. The purpose of establishing a social mobilization mechanism by the state is to enhance the public's awareness of public safety and risk prevention, and improve the ability of the whole society to avoid risks and rescue.
12. What are the main contents of the emergency plan? (1) Basic information: an overview of important economic goals, including scale, value, production capacity, annual operating income, wartime status and role, etc. (2) Scenario: Predict the damage degree of enemy air strikes and air strikes to important economic targets in wartime; (3) Tasks and Determination: According to the judgment conclusions made on various situations, determine the key parts that need to be guaranteed in this important economic goal, and clarify the key points of emergency rescue and emergency repair, the division of tasks, the steps and methods of carrying out tasks, etc. ; (4) Protective measures: including evacuation, concealment, camouflage and protective measures against natural disasters and accidents in peacetime; (5) Emergency rescue operations: including tasks, units performing tasks, number of people, routes and modes of action, as well as the tasks of emergency rescue, rescue, emergency repair and rush transportation; (6) Organization and command: including the composition of the command organization, the location of the command post, communication and other regulations; (7) Various guarantees: including communication alarm, professional technology, materials and equipment, security, political work, etc. 13. Units that should formulate specific emergency plans, important economic target units and units that produce, manage, store, transport and use inflammable and explosive materials, dangerous chemicals, radioactive materials and other dangerous goods should formulate specific emergency plans.
The protection plan of important economic targets should be revised and improved in time according to the changes of actual situation and the problems found in training exercises; Where major issues are involved in adjustment, it shall be reported to the original approval authority for approval. 14. the purpose of carrying out emergency knowledge education in schools at all levels and types should incorporate emergency knowledge education into the teaching content, educate students on emergency knowledge, and cultivate students' safety awareness and self-help and mutual rescue ability.
15, emergency material reserve guarantee system for people at all levels ① The state establishes and improves the emergency material reserve guarantee system, and improves the supervision and production of important emergency materials.
3. Answers to air defense and disaster prevention knowledge
◎ What are the main contents of air defense in wartime and disaster prevention in peacetime?
Anti-air strikes in wartime mainly confront conventional air strikes and nuclear, chemical and biological weapons attacks.
Disaster prevention in peacetime is mainly natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, mudslides, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and droughts; Man-made disasters, such as traffic, industrial accidents, fires, etc. Among them, the potential threat of industrial accidents mainly comes from the leakage of a large number of toxic and harmful substances in chemical, nuclear and metallurgical departments; There are riots, explosions, poisoning, arson and terrorist activities.
◎ How to identify civil air defense (civil defense) alarm signals?
The early warning signal is divided into early warning: it rings for 36 seconds, stops for 24 seconds, and repeats three times as a cycle, with a time of 3 minutes; Air raid alarm: sound for 6 seconds, stop for 6 seconds, repeat 15 times as a cycle, lasting for 3 minutes; Disarm the alarm: ring continuously for 3 minutes; Disaster warning: sound15s, stop10s, sound for 5s, stop10s, and repeat three times as a cycle, with a duration of 2 minutes.
◎ What should I do if I hear the civil air defense alarm?
Peacetime-the action of listening and arguing: that is, pay attention to listening, identify what kind of signal it is, enhance memory and persevere.
When you hear the disaster alarm, you should immediately cut off the power supply and put out the stove, and then ask clearly after leaving the building and take action.
Wartime-used in air defense operations;
When you hear the pre-selection alarm, you should immediately cut off the power supply, put out the stove, bring towels and necessary daily necessities to the designated place quickly, or make hidden preparations in the civil air defense project.
When you hear the air raid alarm, don't panic and run around. You should immediately go into a hidden place or a civil air defense project to hide. If you can't get to the designated place, hide nearby.
When you hear that the alarm is lifted, you should return in an orderly manner and do not enter the chemical and radiation pollution areas.
◎ The role of civil air defense works in earthquake relief.
Civil air defense works have played an important role in resisting earthquake disasters, protecting people's lives and property, saving lives and avoiding or mitigating earthquake disasters. For example, the Tangshan 1976 earthquake. Tangshan is an important industrial town in the east of Hebei Province, China. 1On July 28th, 976, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred with focal depth of 1 1 km. At 3: 42 in the morning, people were sleeping soundly and everything was silent. Suddenly, the earth flashed, the earth roared, houses collapsed, the ground cracked and landslides occurred. Within a few seconds, Tangshan City was in ruins, and more than 240,000 people were killed. The earthquake spread to Tianjin, Beijing and other vast areas, causing great losses to Beijing, Tianjin and Tang. It was in this devastating earthquake that civil air defense projects, including various underground projects, built in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan area played an important role in earthquake relief. Civil air defense works and various underground structures can provide better protection in earthquake disasters. After the Tangshan earthquake, the national civil air defense department organized forces to conduct a field investigation of civil air defense projects in Tangshan. The results show that 90% of civil buildings on the ground in Tangshan earthquake area were damaged, but the main structure of civil air defense project was not seriously damaged. Moreover, the damage of ground buildings with air defense basement is much smaller than that without air defense basement. The self-provided power station of Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory is located in the basement and equipped with two 12kW diesel generator sets. Power stations, generator sets and various instruments and facilities were not seriously damaged in the earthquake. After the earthquake, Tangshan, which was almost in ruins, was the first to send out electricity, which made an important contribution to earthquake relief.
◎ Strengthen air defense and disaster prevention drills, and improve self-help and mutual rescue capabilities for air defense and disaster prevention.
—— Enlightenment from more than 2,000 teachers and students of Sangzao Middle School in Anxian County, Sichuan Province.
Sangzao Middle School in Anxian County, Sichuan Province, which is adjacent to Beichuan, also suffered heavy losses in the Wenchuan earthquake. However, due to the usual repeated drills, after the earthquake, all the teachers and students in different teaching buildings and classrooms, more than 2,200 students and hundreds of teachers rushed to the playground and stood up for class, which took 1 minute 36 seconds, creating a great miracle. (On May 24th, Zhejiang Online turned to Xinhuanet)
Obviously, the miracle created by Sangzao Middle School is attributed to the emergency evacuation drills organized by the school every semester. It is reported that this kind of emergency drill began in 2005 and has never stopped once every semester. What is particularly shocking is that the process, method and result of this escape are exactly the same as those of the exercise. This kind of experience is worth learning for every principal and school. Every exercise is carried out step by step according to the pre-established plan. For example, when two classes are evacuated, they share a staircase, and each class must have a single row, usually 9 rows and 8 rows. The first four rows are evacuated from the front door and the last four rows are evacuated from the back door. Which aisle should each row take? Even the students in the classrooms on the second and third floors should run fast so as not to block the escape route. Students on the fourth and fifth floors should run slowly, otherwise there will be a lot of people in the corridor. These details have been considered and arranged. There is only one reason why every exercise can be done step by step and meticulously, that is, don't take exercise seriously.
Wenchuan earthquake tells people with bloody facts that human life safety is above everything else. All schools, factories, mines, enterprises and institutions should put life safety in the first place and firmly establish the people-oriented thought. From now on, we should pay close attention to organizing personnel air defense, disaster prevention and emergency evacuation drills and other preventive work, and earnestly shoulder the heavy responsibility of protecting lives. Once the war breaks out or natural disasters come, we can minimize the losses.
4. Answers to air defense and disaster prevention knowledge
◎ What are the main contents of air defense in wartime and disaster prevention in peacetime? Anti-air strikes in wartime mainly confront conventional air strikes and nuclear, chemical and biological weapons attacks.
Disaster prevention in peacetime is mainly natural disasters, including earthquakes, floods, mudslides, landslides, avalanches, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and droughts; Man-made disasters, such as traffic, industrial accidents, fires, etc. Among them, the potential threat of industrial accidents mainly comes from the leakage of a large number of toxic and harmful substances in chemical, nuclear and metallurgical departments; There are riots, explosions, poisoning, arson and terrorist activities. ◎ How to identify civil air defense (civil defense) alarm signals? The early warning signal is divided into early warning: it rings for 36 seconds, stops for 24 seconds, and repeats three times as a cycle, with a time of 3 minutes; Air raid alarm: sound for 6 seconds, stop for 6 seconds, repeat 15 times as a cycle, lasting for 3 minutes; Disarm the alarm: ring continuously for 3 minutes; Disaster warning: sound15s, stop10s, sound for 5s, stop10s, and repeat three times as a cycle, with a duration of 2 minutes.
◎ What should I do if I hear the civil air defense alarm? Peacetime-the action of listening and arguing: that is, pay attention to listening, identify what kind of signal it is, enhance memory and persevere. When you hear the disaster alarm, you should immediately cut off the power supply and put out the stove, and then ask clearly after leaving the building and take action.
Wartime-used in air defense operations: when hearing the pre-selection alarm, you should immediately cut off the power supply, put out the stove, take towels and necessary daily necessities to the designated place quickly, or make hidden preparations in the civil air defense project. When you hear the air raid alarm, don't panic and run around. You should immediately go into a hidden place or a civil air defense project to hide. If you can't get to the designated place, hide nearby. When you hear that the alarm is lifted, you should return in an orderly manner and do not enter the chemical and radiation pollution areas.
◎ The role of civil air defense works in earthquake relief. Civil air defense works have played an important role in resisting earthquake disasters, protecting people's lives and property, saving lives and avoiding or mitigating earthquake disasters. For example, the Tangshan 1976 earthquake.
Tangshan is an important industrial town in the east of Hebei Province, China. 1On July 28th, 976, a strong earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred with focal depth of 1 1 km. At 3: 42 in the morning, people were sleeping soundly and everything was silent.
Suddenly, the earth flashed, the earth roared, houses collapsed, the ground cracked and landslides occurred. Within a few seconds, Tangshan City was in ruins, and more than 240,000 people were killed. The earthquake spread to Tianjin, Beijing and other vast areas, causing great losses to Beijing, Tianjin and Tang.
It was in this devastating earthquake that civil air defense projects, including various underground projects, built in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan area played an important role in earthquake relief. Civil air defense works and various underground structures can provide better protection in earthquake disasters.
After the Tangshan earthquake, the national civil air defense department organized forces to conduct a field investigation of civil air defense projects in Tangshan. The results show that 90% of civil buildings on the ground in Tangshan earthquake area were damaged, but the main structure of civil air defense project was not seriously damaged. Moreover, the damage of ground buildings with air defense basement is much smaller than that without air defense basement.
The self-provided power station of Tangshan Locomotive and Rolling Stock Factory is located in the basement and equipped with two 12kW diesel generator sets. Power stations, generator sets and various instruments and facilities were not seriously damaged in the earthquake.
After the earthquake, Tangshan, which was almost in ruins, was the first to send out electricity, which made an important contribution to earthquake relief. Strengthen air defense and disaster prevention drills, and improve the ability of self-help and mutual rescue in air defense and disaster prevention ── Enlightenment from more than 2,000 teachers and students in Sangzao Middle School in Anxian County, Sichuan Province. Sangzao Middle School in Anxian County, Sichuan Province, adjacent to Beichuan, also suffered heavy losses in this Wenchuan earthquake. However, due to repeated drills at ordinary times, after the earthquake, all the teachers and students, more than 2,200 students and hundreds of teachers rushed to the playground from different teaching buildings and different classrooms, and stood for 6,500 hours before class was over.
Obviously, the miracle created by Sangzao Middle School is attributed to the emergency evacuation drills organized by the school every semester. It is reported that this kind of emergency drill began in 2005 and has never stopped once every semester.
What is particularly shocking is that the process, method and result of this escape are exactly the same as those of the exercise. This kind of experience is worth learning for every principal and school. Every exercise is carried out step by step according to the pre-established plan. For example, when two classes are evacuated, they share a staircase, and each class must have a single row, usually 9 rows and 8 rows. The first four rows are evacuated from the front door and the last four rows are evacuated from the back door. Which aisle should each row take? Even the students in the classrooms on the second and third floors should run fast so as not to block the escape route. Students on the fourth and fifth floors should run slowly, otherwise there will be a lot of people in the corridor. These details have been considered and arranged.
There is only one reason why every exercise can be done step by step and meticulously, that is, don't take exercise seriously. Wenchuan earthquake tells people with bloody facts that human life safety is above everything else. All schools, factories, mines, enterprises and institutions should put life safety in the first place and firmly establish the people-oriented thought. From now on, we should pay close attention to organizing personnel air defense, disaster prevention and emergency evacuation drills and other preventive work, and earnestly shoulder the heavy responsibility of protecting lives. Once the war breaks out or natural disasters come, we can minimize the losses.
5. How to popularize civil air defense knowledge for kindergarten children?
In order to deepen the popularization of civil air defense knowledge, on the morning of June 65438+1October 65438+March, Guangzhou Road Community held a special publicity and education activity of "Keep in mind the safety of civil air defense" in Doucaiqiao Kindergarten.
This activity * * * arranges three links: civil air defense knowledge quiz, earthquake fire drill and sitcom performance. Questions and answers on civil air defense safety knowledge; The teacher shows pictures of civil air defense knowledge such as fire control facilities, no trampling, no touching and safe passage. Let the children answer the questions first, and the children will answer the questions enthusiastically and gain knowledge in a warm atmosphere. Earthquake and fire escape drills; With the "earthquake" signal, the children immediately got under the desk and enhanced their self-help and escape ability through drills. Finally, daily safety sitcoms are performed. The above colorful activities are entertaining and entertaining, so that children can gradually establish safety awareness and understand some knowledge of air defense and disaster prevention from an early age.
Guangzhou Road Community has taken civil air defense into kindergarten as the feature of community civil air defense education since it started civil air defense into the community, and strived to create a social atmosphere of learning civil air defense knowledge and mastering civil air defense disaster prevention skills. For four years in a row, we jointly held civil air defense activities with Doucaiqiao Kindergarten, which formed a normal cooperation and left a mark of civil air defense in the hearts of kindergarten children.
6. What should I do during air defense drills?
1, be familiar with the evacuation route and sequence, evacuate quickly and orderly, and evacuate orderly after the evacuation.
2. Resolutely "don't panic when things happen, act quickly, and retreat in an orderly manner". Through emergency evacuation drills, participants can experience and initially master emergency evacuation methods and skills. During the drill, they should pay great attention to safety and speed up the escape while ensuring the safety of personnel.
3. Plan your route reasonably to avoid congestion and trampling. Organize personnel to check the evacuation situation and see if there are any personnel stranded.
4. Prepare food, drinking water, lighting, medicines, raincoats, radios and other items in advance to increase the authenticity of the exercise. You can contact the ambulance in advance.