? It turned out that Confucius said: "When the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress are withered." ("Zi Han" 9.28)

? Confucius said, "Only in cold winter do we know that pine and cypress will not wither."

? Note: "Righteousness": All theories can be used to describe the hardships, troubled times, the decline of the situation and righteousness.

? Li Guangdi's Notes on the Analects of Confucius: The old merchants have not thanked but the new branches have accepted.

? Remember Zhuangzi? "King of Qin" and "Lv Chunqiu" all recorded: "Confucius was poor between Chen and Cai, and he didn't eat food for seven days", and "the color was all in the room". The master complained, and Confucius said: When the cold comes, the frost will fall, so I know the luxury of pine and cypress. This has the same meaning as the chapter "Not everyone can succeed". In the harsh environment of ice and snow, we can truly show our indomitable lofty will. The word "Hou" of "Hou Wei" should be interpreted as "Wu". The ancients used "Hou" instead of "Wu", and the wording was graceful. Describing people's morality with natural scenery is a poetic language (aesthetic) full of emotional characteristics, which is one of the characteristics of China's writing and culture, and also the concrete application of analogy and association mentioned above. In China, pine trees are still painted by many poets. Here, it is not suffering itself, but resisting and overcoming suffering. This is an ode to joy. This is exactly where China's musical sense culture is different from Russian "suffering is redemption, that is, pleasure". Kant has the so-called "symbol of morality", while China symbolizes the spirit of resilience with pines and cypresses, and inspires people with a positive emotional attitude, thus entering the deeper level of the "noumenon" of super-moral aesthetics, that is, the emotional grasp of real existence: man and the universe-nature represented by pines and cypresses are integrated. It can be seen that in daily life, as in art, we can also experience, grasp and comprehend this highest "noumenon". "How to live", "Why to live" and "How to live" are confusing here, and it is difficult to distinguish them.

Max. Max Weber believes that the realm of religion lies in its unconventional and non-secular, and China achieves this highest noumenon by aesthetics rather than religion, but it can include care for suffering ("old coldness") in the conventional and secular. Moral categories such as "benevolence", "respect", "honesty" and "Zhuang" all have aesthetic feelings, so what can be trusted is not the awesome strict god, but the emotional life itself ("heaven and earth are teachers"), that is, it is believed that human beings, like heaven and earth, will live forever and tend to be good (Tao). The so-called "preserving goodness with beauty" means that pine and cypress wither. Wen Tianxiang's "Benevolence is supreme because of the exhaustion of righteousness" and "What can be gained from reading sages' books" brilliantly sum up the relationship between sense of responsibility (righteousness) and sense of heaven and earth (benevolence), and between morality (righteousness) and emotion (benevolence). Wen Tianxiang completed this relationship through practice, from maximum to justice, from the most beautiful to the most sacred. A model of China's classical tradition.

? To annotate ...

Cold: the cold season of the year, deep winter.

Pine and cypress: pine and cypress.

Hou: Li Zehou's Introduction to the Analects of Confucius: Hou should be interpreted as "no", and the ancients used it instead of "no", with graceful wording.

Shuowen: "Later, later". "Pine and cypress wither late" means that pine and cypress wither late, and those who wait late can't wait for it to wither. So the translation of "after withering" means "not fading"

? Fade: wither.

? Understand the meaning

People should stand the test of time, and also use pine and cypress as a metaphor to talk about people's perseverance!

? Xueersi

Cold years are a metaphor for troubled times, pine and cypress are evergreen all the year round, and a metaphor for a gentleman's perseverance Social chaos, just know the value of a gentleman.

There is a cloud in Li Shimin's poem Fu Xiaoyu: "The wind knows the grass, and the board swings to know the loyal minister." Only when the wind blows wildly do you know which kind of grass is strong and tenacious; It is the best interpretation of this chapter to know which one is a loyal minister after experiencing danger and turmoil.

Zhang Sishu: "It's warm in spring and summer, everything grows, vegetation is lush, and so are pines and cypresses, whether they are strong or not. However, at the end of winter, the cold wind blows hard, the business is withered, and all the plants and trees are dead. But pines and cypresses are natural and pale, and they don't change their habits. By this time, I knew that it had a unique festival and would not wither with the grass. " In Gai Zhiping's world, everyone lives in peace, and villains are no different from gentlemen. As for things that have changed, they are in danger. They either bow their heads because of disaster or change their lives because of poverty, so many people steal their lives and lose their lives. The only gentleman is quite self-sustaining and unchanging. Mighty can't frustrate his ambition, and life and death can't move his heart, just like withered pines and cypresses. Therefore, the poor see righteousness, and the world knows loyalty, which is known at this point. Since we know that the pine and cypress will wither later, we should not wait for the pine and cypress to be somewhere else, even though it is spring in Xia Zhishi. You can't treat a gentleman as an ordinary person, even if you rule the world. Isn't it too late to use the gentleman's way when you have something? "

Knowledge expansion

Biography of Boyi in Historical Records: Confucius said: "Different roads do not seek common ground, but also follow one's own desires. Therefore, wealth can be sought. Although I am a whipping man, I do the same. If you can't ask, just do as I say. Years old are cold, and then the pine and cypress wither. Things are turbid, and people in the Qing Dynasty see it. Do you think it is more important than that and lighter than this? "

Confucius said, "People with different ideas cannot discuss with each other. It's just that everyone does what they want. Therefore, if I can get wealth without violating morality, even a humble job, I am willing to do it. If wealth needs to be obtained by violating morality, I have to do what I like. In the cold season, I realized the value of pines and cypresses not dying. When the whole society is chaotic and dirty, people with noble character will be revealed. Isn't it because some people value wealth and happiness too much, so it seems that some people look so lightly on wealth and happiness? " )