Discussing learning methods

Premier Zhou taught us during his lifetime: "Live until you are old and learn until you are old." People cannot do without learning. Life is endless and learning is endless. Learning is an important way for a person to acquire knowledge, gain experience and transform it into behavior throughout his life. It can enrich life, develop body and mind, and promote comprehensive development and improvement of individuals. To learn well, you must pay attention to scientific learning methods. The so-called learning methods are the means and approaches used by people in the learning process. It includes methods of knowledge, methods of learning skills, methods of developing intelligence and cultivating abilities.

Einstein’s formula to summarize his great achievements is: W=X+Y+Z. And explain that W stands for success, X stands for hard work, Y stands for correct method, and Z stands for not empty words. The German philosopher Descartes once said: "The most valuable knowledge is knowledge about methods." Numerous facts at home and abroad have proven that scientific learning methods will allow learners to fully develop their talents and become smarter as they learn. Bringing high efficiency and fun to learners, thereby saving a lot of time. Improper learning methods will hinder the development of talents, and the more you learn, the more you will die. It brings learning inefficiency and trouble to learners. It can be seen that method plays a very important role in achieving success. So, how can we master scientific learning methods? The following mainly talks about five aspects of learning methods.

(1) Do a good job in previewing

Previewing is self-study before class. It means reading the new lesson content independently before the teacher lectures. Preliminarily understanding the content is the process of preparing to receive new knowledge in class. Some students have no habit of previewing and know nothing about what the teacher will teach in a class, so they sit and wait for the teacher to teach. They listen to what the teacher says and do whatever the teacher tells them. They appear dull and passive, lacking enthusiasm and initiative in learning. Although some students can preview, they seem to be skimming through the book without using their brains or analysis. This kind of preview is not effective at all.

1. The benefits of previewing

(1) You can discover the weak links in your knowledge and make up for this part of knowledge before class, so as not to make it a "conflict" during class. stepping stone". In this way, you will successfully understand new knowledge.

(2) It is helpful to follow the teacher’s ideas during lectures. Be very selective about the content of lectures. Make it clear which knowledge should be focused on to enhance understanding and digestion; where to focus on taking notes, so that you have a clear idea.

(3) Preview is helpful to clarify the key points and difficulties, and makes it easier to listen to the lecture and question with questions. Focus on the difficult points. In this way, doubts are easily solved, it sounds relaxed and interesting, thinking smoothly and proactively, and the learning effect is high.

(4) Preview can improve note-taking skills. Since I had previewed before class, I was very clear about the content of the lectures and the writing on the blackboard. You can omit or remember less of what is in the book during class, and focus on the parts that are not in the book or that you are not clear about, as well as the key issues that the teacher reminds you repeatedly. This allows you to spend more time thinking about and understanding issues.

2. Several issues to pay attention to when previewing

(1) When previewing, read, think, ask, and memorize simultaneously. It doesn’t matter how much you can understand the textbook content. You don’t need to understand everything, and you don’t need to dig into the problems. You just need to use a pen to mark them with different symbols. Write down the questions you didn't understand and use them as the focus of the lecture. But for small problems that involve the knowledge you have learned and that the teacher may not be able to explain, you must understand it yourself in order to eliminate "stumbling blocks."

(2) If you did not have the habit of previewing before, now you want to Change the method, preview before class, but not all at once, preview every subject in advance. Doing so can feel like you don’t have enough time. He seemed very nervous and could not achieve the preview effect. Therefore, when you first start pre-study, you should first select one or two subjects that you find difficult to learn for pilot pre-study. After you have tasted the benefits and gained experience, and as time permits, you should gradually add more subjects until it is fully rolled out. .

(3) Preview should be done after completing the homework for the day. If you have more time, preview a few more subjects and drill deeper; otherwise, preview a few fewer subjects and drill shallower. You must not be busy previewing before completing your daily learning tasks, disrupting the normal learning order.

(4) Students with poor academic performance do not preview before class and cannot understand in class. They also need to spend a lot of time filling in gaps and doing homework after class. They are so busy all day long that they cannot squeeze out a little time. Go to preview. In fact, the fundamental reason for this kind of poor students lies in not previewing. Learning consists of four links: preview, class, review, and homework. The lack of preview will affect the smooth operation of the following links. These students must be mentally prepared to endure more hardships in the short term. After completing your daily study tasks, arrange some time to preview. Although this takes time, it can help you understand things in class, which reduces the time wasted due to not understanding in class. At the same time, it can also reduce the time spent on sorting, digesting, and homework after class. As time goes by, when the operation becomes normal, the passive situation of learning will also change, and there will be no need to work overtime anymore.

3. Requirements for preview

(1) Pay attention to practical results and not to engage in formality. Time must be arranged according to the study plan and cannot be neglected. Preview is usually arranged the night before the new class.

In this way, the impression will be deeper. If the new course is more difficult, spend more time previewing it; if it is less difficult, spend less time previewing it. You should focus on selecting those subjects that are difficult to learn by yourself and are about to be taught new lessons for preview. Other subjects only need general preview. In some subjects, Sundays can also be used to preview the courses to be taught in the next week to reduce the burden of previewing every day.

(2) The task of previewing is to first understand and perceive the content of the new lesson (such as concepts, definitions, formulas, argumentation methods, etc.) through preliminary reading, so as to remove obstacles for successfully understanding the new lesson. The specific tasks are: ① Review, consolidate and remediate the old knowledge that has been learned, find out the problems that you do not understand in the new class, and write down the things that you do not understand clearly. ② Preliminarily clarify what are the basic contents of the new course? What developments have these knowledge contents made based on the original ones? And find out the key points, difficulties and areas of confusion in the book. ③When previewing, you should combine watching, thinking and doing. Reading: Generally, you read the new lesson through and then use a pen to underline the important content in the book. If you need to check, check it out; if you need to think about it, you should think about it carefully; if you need to remember it, you should write it down. Thinking: refers to thinking sometimes, lowering your head to read and raising your head to think. Your hands are writing questions and your brain is thinking. Doing: During the reading process, you need to do some hands-on preparations and try out the exercises at the end of the textbook. Answer the questions and answers. If you don’t know how to do or answer the question, you can preview it again or write it down. Wait for the teacher to concentrate on listening to the lecture or ask the teacher. After previewing, you have to close the book and summarize. Doing this can make you have a deeper impression of the new textbooks.

(2) Focus on listening to lectures

Students spend most of their time in the classroom. Therefore, listening to lectures is the central link for students to receive teacher guidance, master knowledge, and develop intelligence. It is an important way to obtain knowledge. It is the key to ensure efficient learning. During the lecture, some students paid full attention to the lecture; some were distracted, depressed, and dozed off. Some are like tape recorders, listening and recording everything; some are listening and recording, and can basically write down everything the teacher says; some are mainly listening, thinking while listening, and writing down questions; some are simply They don’t memorize, they just listen; some listen, draw and think. When thinking, some think about the content of the class, some think about the knowledge system related to this lesson, some think about the teacher's ideas, and some compare their own ideas with the teacher's ideas.

So, how can we achieve the purpose of listening to the class well? The general requirement is to grasp the different characteristics of each subject, listen with questions, listen clearly to the content, remember the key points, grasp the key points, and focus on the teacher's teaching methods and ideas, and the process and conclusion of clearing up doubts. Specific requirements:

1. Fully understand the important role of teachers in class. Because teachers play a leading role in classroom teaching. His analysis and explanation in class are much more detailed than after-class tutoring, which is also something that students cannot compare with when reading books on their own. Classroom teaching is the simplest way for teachers to guide students to master knowledge. Therefore, every student should learn from the teacher humbly. Learn every lesson well under the inspiration and guidance of the teacher.

2. You must concentrate, listen to the teacher's explanation with all your heart, follow the teacher's lecture ideas, and never let your mind wander. If you have a better idea inspired by the teacher, you can write it down in your notebook and think about it in depth after class or ask the teacher and classmates for advice. In short, "distraction" in the classroom is the enemy of learning.

3. During the lecture, you can try to make your own judgments and conclusions before the teacher makes them. See if what you think is consistent with what the teacher said. Find out why it’s right and why it’s wrong.

4. Strive to understand in class. Understanding is the thinking process of grasping the essence, internal connections and laws of things. So, how can we achieve understanding in class? In class, what you think should be consistent with what the teacher says, and the questions you think about should be consistent with what the teacher says. Inspired by teachers, you should always use your brain and think positively. If there is something you don’t understand or can’t understand clearly during your thinking, you should raise your hand and ask a question. If the teacher does not have time to answer your questions in class, you should continue to listen to the teacher's explanation. Ask the teacher for advice after class.

5. Follow the teacher’s ideas. Attending lectures is to increase knowledge and develop intelligence. Therefore, we cannot equate understanding the knowledge with listening to the lecture well. High-level lectures should not only pay attention to the specific knowledge imparted by the teacher, but also pay attention to the teacher's teaching ideas. The purpose of chasing the teacher's ideas is to understand the various ways of thinking and thinking processes used by the teacher during the lecture. Learn how teachers think carefully and scientifically, thereby improving your thinking ability and intelligence. Some students do not pay attention to the teacher's teaching ideas, but focus on memorizing the teacher's derivation, summarized formulas or conclusions, thinking that this is the main purpose of listening to the class. In fact, the knowledge mastered in this way is dead knowledge that knows but does not know why. This kind of dead knowledge is forgotten quickly and cannot be used to solve practical problems, let alone develop intelligence.

6. Grasp the key to the knowledge content and subject characteristics of a lesson. The key to knowledge content generally refers to basic concepts, basic principles, basic relationships, formulas, and definitions. When the teacher explains these key knowledge, you must pay special attention and hold on. Similarly, not grasping the key learning characteristics of the subject will also affect your learning effect.

In fact, each discipline has its own characteristics in terms of content system, development ideas, training requirements and teaching methods. These characteristics must be grasped in study. For example, in physics, chemistry, and biology classes, special attention should be paid to observation and experiments. On the basis of acquiring perceptual knowledge, scientific concepts and laws should be mastered through thinking. Mathematics requires acquiring mathematical knowledge and cultivating mathematical thinking skills through a large number of calculations, proofs and other exercises. When listening to Chinese and foreign language classes, we mainly grasp the knowledge points of characters, words, sentences, passages, etc., and improve reading and writing skills through listening, speaking, reading and writing. In order to better understand and master language and writing.

(3) Pay close attention to the review process

Review is to systematically reprocess the knowledge that has been learned previously, and to make appropriate adjustments to the learning according to the learning situation, so as to prepare for the next stage. Learn to be prepared. Therefore, every time you finish a class, every text, unit, or book, you must review it in time. If review is timely and appropriate, knowledge will be forgotten less. As early as 1885, the German psychologist Ebbinghaus found through experiments that only 44% of the material that was just memorized was retained after one hour; 33% was retained after one day; and only 28% was retained after two days; 25% after six days. All people will forget the knowledge they learn first quickly and then slowly. Some students with good memories have developed amazing memories because they can review frequently from different angles and levels, achieving "review every day, summary every week, and summary in every chapter." Therefore, the reason why many students cannot remember the knowledge they have learned is not because they are stupid, but because they are not good at reviewing or do not review hard enough.

1. Review requirements

(1) After class, you should review the teacher’s lectures and the knowledge written on the blackboard in your mind as if it were a movie. See how much you can remember and how much you have forgotten. Then open the notes and look for gaps.

(2) When reading the textbook, you should think deeply about the key points and difficulties while reading. Analyze doubts and deepen understanding.

(3) Read necessary reference books to enrich the content learned in class.

(4) Organize and enrich notes, classify knowledge, deepen, simplify and organize knowledge, and strengthen memory according to rules.

(5) Strengthen practice. Practice should generally be done after review, or you can practice while reviewing. During the review process, strengthening practice can improve the review effect.

(1) Review in time. The knowledge learned on the day must be reviewed clearly on the day without procrastination. Do not owe "accounts". Otherwise, if the content is unfamiliar and the knowledge structure is scattered, it will take double the time to re-learn it. Understand that "it is much easier to repair than to rebuild a collapsed house."

(2) Review concepts, formulas, rules, theorems, and laws closely. Think about how they are formed and derived? In what areas can it be applied? What conditions do they require? Is there any other explanation or method of proof? What knowledge is it connected to? By tracing back to the source, we gain a firm grasp of knowledge.

(3) Review repeatedly. Review once after learning a lesson, review once after learning a chapter (or unit). Summarize the system in the first stage of learning. Review it again at the end of the semester. Through this step-by-step review, the knowledge connections formed will never fade.

(4) You must have your own ideas when reviewing. Through review of a lesson, a section, or a chapter, write down your thoughts and ideas as a summary, list charts, or use an outline summary to connect the previous and previous knowledge to form a complete knowledge network.

(5) When you encounter problems during review, do not rush to read the book or ask people. Think first and then read (ask). This is very good for focusing attention, strengthening memory, and improving learning efficiency. Every time you review, you should first recall what you learned last time. This not only maintains the coherence of learning, but also has a good effect on memory.

(6) During review, you should read and do some questions appropriately. The questions you choose should be chosen around the focus of the review. Before solving the problem, you should first recall the problem-solving ideas of the exercises you have done in the past, and then solve the problem on this basis. The purpose of doing the questions is to check your review effect, deepen your understanding of knowledge, and develop problem-solving abilities. Doing comprehensive questions can deepen the completeness and systematic understanding of knowledge and cultivate the ability to comprehensively apply knowledge.

(4) Completing homework independently

Completing homework independently is an important means to deepen knowledge, consolidate knowledge, and check learning effects. It is also the main form of combining review and application. However, some students do not really take advantage of this link. They rush to do their homework as soon as get out of class is over. Once the homework is completed, everything will be fine. Some students did not understand anything in class and did not ask questions after class. They plagiarized their homework and handed it over to the teacher. In fact, doing homework has the following meanings:

1. You can check your learning effect. Problems can be discovered by doing homework so that they can be remedied in time.

2. By thinking while doing homework, you can deepen your understanding of knowledge, clarify easily confused concepts, and become proficient in transforming formulas. In short, it is helpful to transform the knowledge in books into your own knowledge.

3. Can cultivate thinking ability. Because the various questions raised in the homework will inevitably prompt you to think actively and enhance your ability to analyze and solve problems.

4. After completing your homework, you should not throw it away. Instead, you should classify it regularly to accumulate information for general review.

When reviewing, it is convenient and trouble-free to look through the recorded assignments, and it is also impressive.

Basic requirements and methods for doing homework:

1. Review the questions. Reviewing questions is a very important step in doing homework. When you get a question, you should first determine which category it belongs to and how difficult it is? Distinguish the conditions and requirements of the topic. What are the known conditions? What other conditions can be mined from the information provided in the question? What are its requirements? At the same time, let your thoughts follow the path of the topic. Through thinking, accurate and thorough understanding of the meaning of the question, what are the known conditions, and what is the conclusion required by the question. In the process of reviewing the question, you should also pay attention to the other formal conditions implicit in the question that are not expressed directly in language, that is, pay attention to the exploration of implicit conditions.

2. Find ways to solve problems. There are generally three methods: one is "leading from cause to effect", which can be expressed as: "known → known → known..." and finally reaches the conclusion. The second type is "holding the result and finding the cause", that is, conclusion ← need to know ← need to know ←...". In this way, pursue it layer by layer until you have all the known conditions. In this way. The known conditions and The path between the required conclusions is opened. The third is that for some more complex questions, we need to use the first two comprehensive methods to shorten the distance between the conditions and the conclusions as much as possible, that is, on the one hand, we can deduce some from the known conditions. Known intermediate results, on the other hand, analyze some need-to-know intermediate results according to the requirements of the problem. Once the need-to-know and the known are unified, the solution to the problem can be obtained.

In the process of finding solutions to the problem. , think about the concepts, formulas, rules and methods related to these conditions and conclusions. Have you solved the same or similar problems in the past? If you can think of the relevant old knowledge, That is, the rules, principles, and formulas corresponding to this problem will come to mind, making the problem-solving ideas broader and broader, and the better the problem-solving effect will be.

Sometimes because the questions are complex, you can also draw a simplified diagram of the question review process for the convenience of thinking. This is actually a process of using the learned knowledge to process and transform the questions, making the ideas clear and shortcuts for solving the questions. will appear in front of you.

3. Solve the problem correctly. After the two steps ① and ②, you have found the way to solve the problem and determined the solution, but you must also pay attention to the solution when implementing it. Maintain quality and quantity. To achieve this, the steps of solving the problem must be step-by-step, the writing must be standardized, the format must be clear, and the expression must be accurate. In addition, a solid foundation must be used in solving the problem. , the important knowledge points should be written, and the complex questions should be abbreviated, and the simple questions should be written in detail.

4. Pay attention to the check, that is, go back and check again to see if you have all the solutions required by the question. Check whether there are any missing solutions. Check whether there are any wrong solutions. There are many ways to check. ① Check the questions step by step. Start by checking step by step. This method can check for errors in calculations and expressions. ② Repeat the method to see if the results are the same. ③ Substitute the calculation results into the formula or formula to see if it is reasonable. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the habit of solving multiple problems and thinking more about each problem, and continuously improve your ability to analyze and solve problems.

(5) Take class notes carefully.

The purpose of taking notes is to learn, to understand, and to use. The principle of taking notes is to focus on listening and take notes as a supplement. Mark. No chaos, no confusion, and clear explanations. Notes must be taken in a timely manner so that they can be filled in during review.

The main contents of the notes are:

1. Remember the lecture outline, problem-solving ideas, difficult-to-understand key points and difficulties, and important insights you have gained.

2. The views, arguments and derivation process proposed by the teacher when solving the problem. . Precise, clever and new problem-solving methods.

3. Problems that were not solved in class. The connection or combination of new knowledge and old knowledge. Concepts prone to errors and confusion.

4. Take note of key points. You don’t need to take too many notes in the book. You can leave blanks in the notes and make up for them after class or review them against the textbook.

5. Problems and experiences discovered during the preview, and old knowledge that is not well mastered by oneself.

6. Excerpt materials from reference books that are helpful to the textbook content.

The benefits of taking notes are:

1. It is not easy to let your mind wander, because you have to listen, take notes and think at the same time during class. Ability to maintain concentration and persistence, and enhance acceptance and understanding of knowledge.

2. Note-taking requires the use of hands, eyes, ears, and brain, so that sensory organs and thinking can be comprehensively trained to improve learning ability?/