1. Forming factors

(1) The prosperity of Chinese and foreign commercial activities There are two main models of transformation of modern urban commercial activities. One is the gradual type, that is, changes in the internal structure cause changes in functions, which lead to changes in the nature of urban business; the other is the mutation type, that is, due to the direct effect of external forces, the city's business functions change, which in turn leads to changes in the nature of urban business. Structural changes. Such changes caused by external factors generally begin not with industrialization, but with commercial trade. Yantai falls into this development model. The opening of the port is an important factor in promoting the spatial change of Yantai city.

Yantai's modern commercial development was directly introduced by the trading behavior of foreign capital. The entry of this trade method broke the restrictions of the traditional commercial industry, and Yantai's new local business model emerged as the times require. In 1892, in order to realize his ambition of "rejuvenating the country through industry", the famous patriotic industrialist Mr. Zhang Bishi took the lead in establishing the "Changyu Brewing Company" in Yantai on the basis of learning advanced Western technology. Subsequently, another national industrialist, Mr. Li Dongshan, founded the company in Yantai. Baoshi Clock Factory was opened on Chaoyang Street, which was the first modern national industry opened on this street. As a result, Chinese and Western commercial activities coexisted on this street, and commercial buildings of various styles began to be constructed along with the prosperous commercial activities.

(2) Unique geographical advantages Yantai is located in the northern part of the Shandong Peninsula, belonging to the South China Sea, and facing Dalian on the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea. Chaoyang Street is located in the present-day Zhifu District of Yantai, surrounded by Zhifu Bay. Therefore, the seaport where Chaoyang Street is located has seen frequent commercial activities since its opening. After the opening of the port, foreign governments successively built consulates in Yantai in order to consolidate their position in the trading port city and thereby provide guarantee for their country's smooth trade activities here. Due to the needs of the built environment, most of these foreign consulates were built near Yantai Mountain on the north side of Chaoyang Street. It is this important location factor that accelerates and drives the transition of Chaoyang Street from a traditional neighborhood to an emerging commercial street. Another important reason that cannot be ignored here is that Yantai's superior climate and natural environment have also made it a historical summer resort. After the opening of the port, the number of foreigners on summer vacation in Yantai increased sharply, and entertainment and cultural buildings were built in abundance. It is especially dense near Chaoyang Street. These economic and cultural integrations were also significantly reflected in the row upon row of architectural styles on the streets at that time.

2. Existing modern characteristic buildings in the neighborhood

Among the modern port cities, Yantai is unique. From the opening of the port in 1861 to the Japanese occupation in 1938, Yantai was different from other treaty ports in that it was neither an independent administrative region nor a formal foreign concession. Administratively, it belonged to Fushan County, but in terms of administrative management and urban planning and construction , and had nothing to do with Fukuyama but did its own thing and had its own system, becoming a commercial port city with autonomous significance. It is precisely this characteristic that makes Western architectural culture inevitably influence the development of modern architecture in Yantai. Although the buildings on Chaoyang Street are small in size and there are no large public buildings like churches, their layout, architectural structure, detail processing and construction methods fully reflect the most basic principles of Western classical architecture. feature. According to the functionality of the building, the Chaoyang Street commercial building complex can be roughly divided into the following types: ① Finance ② Commerce ③ Catering and entertainment ⑤ Municipal and public services ⑥ Residential buildings

(1) Financial type Existing financial buildings that can be examined include: Angsi Foreign Company, Yancheng Foreign Company, Yirui Xing Commercial Bank, French merchant Yongxing Foreign Company, Fushunde Bank, and Maoji Foreign Company. As financial buildings, because the users want to highlight their strong Financial power and exaggerated capital possession often lead to luxurious and huge buildings. This may be a business mentality, but it is also a hypocritical expression. From site selection to construction form, from physical display to material selection, this type of building all embodies the superposition of wealth. Therefore, this type of building naturally often occupies the best location, creating exquisite works of its era, and can easily be preserved and passed down.

(2) Industrial and commercial buildings Existing industrial and commercial buildings that can be examined include: Baoshi Clock Factory, Nanyang Pharmacy, Qingchang Hardware Store The economic development of cities is often backed by industrial and commercial enterprises, and sometimes industrial and commercial The rise and fall of enterprises will also affect the rise and fall of regions. As the basis of the economy, the categories and development levels of industrial and commercial enterprises often determine the nature of the city and its social status. The location of industrial and commercial enterprises is often the first condition for investors to be picky. The factors faced by such picky are natural conditions, consumer groups and labor market.

(3) Catering and entertainment buildings Existing catering and entertainment buildings that can be examined include: Creighton Hotel, Wanguo Barber Shop, Lango Bar, Jincheng Cinema, Wanguo Barber Shop, and Daluotian Restaurants and Tianxiangyi Inns The prosperity and comfort of an urban area often depend on its business climate and the development level of various service industries. Business is a direct reflection of logistics, and logistics drives the flow of people, which in turn contributes to financial flow. Good entertainment and service conditions can ensure the prosperity of regional popularity.

(4) Municipal and public service buildings Existing municipal and public service buildings that can be examined include: German Post Office, Yantai Post Office, Navy Procurement Department Municipal and Public Facilities It is often compared to the blood of a city area and is the central part that ensures the normal and effective operation of the area. The emergence of public buildings is an improvement and supplement to various functions of the city, and is also a necessary part of the urban development process. After the opening of Yantai as a port, Western foreign forces began to invest in municipal construction. Under the influence of external forces, the Chinese government at that time also began to pay attention to municipal construction.

(5) Some residential buildings are close to the foreign consulate area in Yantai Mountain. The form of residential buildings in the Chaoyang Street area after the opening of the port was also subtly affected by this. The architectural style and style are mostly European style and Chinese style. Auxiliary, it adopts an independent design. Some buildings are also equipped with courtyards. The roofs are mainly red tiles with sloped roofs, with gables or towers in some parts. The walls are mostly red bricks or cement plastered, and the upper part is decorated with imitation wood structures, wall skirts and foundations. The base is made of granite mushroom stone or chopped axe stone, which shows the magnificence and solemnity of the building. However, due to the nature of Chaoyang Street as a commercial street, the density of buildings is relatively high, and there are many mixed commercial and residential settings, so that the greening around the building is extremely If there is less, the environment will have no quality at all.

3. Commercial street buildings mainly in Western style

The building complex on Chaoyang Street can be said to be the epitome of Yantai’s century-old development history, and the rich historical and cultural accumulation is also It represents the business model and the basic characteristics of commercial buildings after the opening of coastal ports in modern China, and reflects the collision and integration of modern Chinese architecture with Western architecture. Chinese people have gone from rejecting Western architecture to learning it, and then gradually adapting it to the local area, and learning from each other's original architectural construction styles in China. Therefore, this building complex can also be understood as a microcosm of the opening of coastal ports in modern China. Its typical features are mainly reflected in:

(1) Yantai’s first real commercial street. An important gathering place, it generally adopts a symmetrical layout with the entrance as the central axis. It is a multi-functional, multi-industry and multi-format commercial complex. It is an organic combination of Western modern MALL and traditional Chinese shops. There were numerous shops, restaurants, service shops, etc. distributed on Chaoyang Street in Yantai at that time, arranged according to certain structural proportions, which was the epitome and essence of the business in Yantai area at that time. This street not only meets the needs of urban life in all aspects such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, but also integrates two modes of manufacturing and commerce. The business characteristics of these stores are also very different, forming a commercial street in the true sense.

(2) The block layout with the imprint of modern urban planning focuses on complex planning, which is the essence of Chaoyang Street’s popularity. The block layout focuses on eliminating the indifference between buildings and people, and between people. It enables people to fully connect with the street buildings to achieve isolation of movement and quietness and obtain a comfortable scale. Merchants in the neighborhood enjoy convenient business activities, abundant public space, and a complete commercial system operation. Generally speaking, the spatial expression of "block", which is called BLOCK in American English, is open. In addition to its own spatial concept, it is endowed with more functional connotations.

The development of various industries cannot be separated from the carrier and popularity. Good regional planning can bring opportunities to various industries in the area. The prosperous commercial atmosphere of Chaoyang Street is inseparable from the excellent layout planning of the street. .

(3) In the process of learning from the West, make the design adapt to local characteristics. In modern times, Yantai was "used" to open a commercial port, and the traditional old business model was broken by the new Western capital business model. In the process of learning from the West, While developing new business models, we are also learning to imitate the design and construction experience of Western commercial buildings. The construction forms of some street buildings are the product of local businessmen learning modern business models and architectural styles from the West and combining them with Chinese reality. However, the overall style has abandoned the cumbersome decoration of classical revival and moved towards a simple and rustic style. On the one hand, this reflects that the Chinese people's assets were not strong at that time, and the form and material selection were relatively ordinary. On the other hand, it shows that after entering the 1930s, , Yantai's architectural style has begun to abandon the decorative style.

A large amount of brown granite stone, which is abundant in the local area, is used in building materials. This stone is easy to obtain, easy to process, durable and beautiful in color. It is very popular among Chinese and foreign architects. Street buildings generally use British and American style upper and lower lift windows. Because the climate in Yantai is not hot, the weakness of small ventilation area is not obvious. Therefore, this kind of window with good lighting, solidity and adjustable ventilation area is widely used. use. Through the analysis of the architectural complex, we can see the initiative, selectivity, and flexibility of the Chinese people in the process of learning from the West. Create while learning, learn while creating. It can be said that modern business models and commercial architecture were born from the collision and integration of Eastern and Western cultures. Through the analysis of the surface and history of street buildings, we can deeply feel the spirit, concept and culture of Yantai's modern commercial development. This is also a microcosm of China's modern commercial development. The style characteristics of the times and regional characteristics are also fully reflected in the building itself.

IV. Conclusion

It goes without saying that history is important to the country and nation. There are many ways to carry history, and architecture is the tenant of history and the solidified music. It is a Spring and Autumn story that needs to be savored carefully. As an open coastal city that has been open to trade for more than a hundred years, Yantai once had a large number of modern commercial architectural heritages. Most of these buildings are representative buildings of the same type from the same period. However, with the development and changes of the city, batches of such heritage buildings are gradually disappearing, resulting in a lack of absorption and protection of commercial historical heritage. The commercial pulse of the city always chooses to beat at the forefront of the times. To protect the relatively complete existing building complexes such as the Chaoyang Street commercial building complex is to protect typical buildings in a typical environment, that is, to protect the urban context and history. protection. There is a famous saying in the restoration of ancient books: "If you don't get good work, you would rather keep the old things." For a weather-beaten century-old street like Chaoyang Street, later development is not necessarily a bad thing. It allows us to have more time to understand and study its history and culture, and learn more from the past old city reconstruction. Lots of experience and lessons learned.

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