(507 B.C.-?) Surnamed Bu, given name Shang, courtesy name

, later also known as "

", "Mr. Bu", late Spring and Autumn Period

p>

Wen people (today’s Henan

) (otherwise

and Wei people are said to be the same as those of the Wei people). According to the recent tests, Wen was the official of the Wei Dynasty.

Destroyed, Wei was mistaken by Wei, so two theories were born), a famous disciple of Confucius, one of the "

".

Forty-four years younger than Confucius, he was one of the outstanding students of Confucius in his later period.

He was famous for his literature and was approved by Confucius as his "literary" subject

< p>. When Zixia was a student, he often received praise from Confucius for his unique insights. For example, when he asked about the sentence "

, I always thought it was gorgeous" in the Book of Songs, Confucius replied "

" , he immediately came to the conclusion that "rituals come after rites" (that is,

produced after benevolence and righteousness). Confucius praised: "The one who started giving is Shang! Only then can we say that the "Poetry" is over." ( "

") However, Confucius believed that Zixia was "inadequate" in following the etiquette. He once warned Zixia: "A woman is a gentleman and a Confucian, and nothing is a villain." . ("The Analects of Confucius·Yongye") Zixia was extremely talented, and many of his famous maxims are retained in the "Analects of Confucius", such as: "

Benevolence is in it"; To fulfill his words, a gentleman learns his way"; "With the day he knows where he has fallen, and the moon has not forgotten what he can do, he can be said to be eager to learn"; "Although the way is small, there must be some who are worthy of it"; "

" Wait.

After the death of Confucius, Zixia went to Wei State

(between Jishui and the Yellow River) to give lectures, "such as

,

, < /p>

,

all belong to

Zi Xia’s ethics" ("Historical Records·

"), and they also worshiped< /p>

’s

teacher. Some people in recent times believe that Zixia's thoughts have the "Legalist spirit", and they say that "Confucianism is divided into eight" is not as good as Zixia's Confucianism, because they regard it as Legalism (see Guo Moruo's "Eight Confucianism") >

》Portrait of Zixia).

Since the Han Dynasty, most scholars believe that Confucian classics were originally transmitted mainly from the Zixia line. For example, Xu Fang of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: ""Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Li" "Music" was established by Confucius; invention

began with Zixia." ("Book of the Later Han·Biography of Xu Fang") It is believed that most of "

" are A teaching from Zixia. The Southern Song Dynasty's "

" is described more specifically in "

", which says: "Among the disciples of Confucius, only Zixia has his own book on all the classics. Although biographies and miscellaneous words are not available, I believe it, but it is different from others. There is "Zhuan" in "Yi" and "Preface" in "Mao Shi". When it was passed down to Xiao Mao Gong, it was said: Zi Xia was passed down by Zeng Shen, and the fifth pass came to him. In "Li", there is an article "Etiquette·Mourning Clothes".

,

Many Confucian scholars said in the "Spring and Autumn Annals" that "there is no praise", but Gai also practiced it.

Zi Xia actually accepted it. . Hu Liangchi, "Customs" is also written by Zixia in "The Analects of Confucius".

Although this statement may not be true in every case, scholars generally believe that it is not the case

In his later years, Zixia became blind from crying because of the loss of his son.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was posthumously named "

", and during the Song Dynasty he was also named "Hedong Gong".