As far as the acquisition of personal knowledge is concerned, it generally comes from two aspects. On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it directly inherits the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice, and transforms social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the knowledge of middle school students, as Engels said: "Everyone no longer needs to experience it personally; His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the results of the experience of his ancestors. " Of all the ways to pass on knowledge, reading is the main way.

In fact, when studying at school, you can't understand all the knowledge just by attending classes. It can be said that the study in the student era is inseparable from reading for one day. Teachers and students need books in their studies. Without books and reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.

Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career. At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for lifelong self-study.

(A) constantly improve the basic conditions for reading.

What are the requirements for reading?

(1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles.

Reading is to acquire knowledge by processing words, phrases, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book".

If middle school students can master 5000 words, they will have no problem reading ordinary articles. The reason why some students have poor reading ability is that they have not mastered enough expressions of words, words (mainly content words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking. Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, we should master not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the grammar. Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.

Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience.

A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic." Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which is of great help to me in learning other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well is very helpful to train my thinking and make my thinking more organized. These are of great benefit to my future study of mathematics. " People praised Sue as a "mathematical poet".

(2) Master basic scientific knowledge.

If you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers. There are many technical terms such as ecological balance, ecosystem, genetic engineering and gene in newspapers. Many people seem to understand it because they lack the basic knowledge of biology in high school. It can be seen that if modern society wants to improve its reading ability, it must master basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.

(3) can use reference books.

When reading, it is inevitable that some words are unknown and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary, you can look them up in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, according to the needs of reading, we also need to prepare some corresponding reference books and consult them at any time.

If the reference books are complete and the retrieval is skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by consulting reference books.

(2) study purposefully and in a planned way.

Facing the vast sea of books, if reading has no purpose and plan, it will be at a loss.

Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom, and they have to complete a day's study task every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.

Middle school students' reading should be based on the following objectives:

It is conducive to learning basic knowledge, giving full play to one's strengths, making up one's shortcomings and improving one's reading ability.

Pay attention to when arranging the reading plan:

Read some related extracurricular books around the textbook. For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make the thinking more active.

Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.

As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask teachers, senior students or classmates, or parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. If you choose a good book, you can gain more in less time.

Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, your weaknesses in learning can be made up, and your personal strengths can also be developed, which not only promotes learning in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.

Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency.

(C) handle the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading.

Reading widely means reading books extensively, the purpose of which is to have a general understanding of the contents of books, so as to discover the essence of books and much-needed knowledge. Extensive reading can learn from others, just as Lu Xun said: "Reading only one person's works will lead to bad results and little benefit. You must pick many flowers to make honey like a bee. If you bite in one place, your income will be limited and boring. "

Explanatory writing is to read a large number of books in a short time and create conditions for intensive reading. The general method is: look at the catalogue, find useful content from the catalogue, and then browse the relevant parts, so as to choose books in the bookstore; Look at the content tips, read the first few paragraphs and the last few paragraphs of the book, and master the general content of the book; You can also use the fast reading method, that is, reading at a faster speed to get the general idea.

On the basis of elaboration, choose the best books of its kind for intensive reading. Read other similar books after intensive reading. In intensive reading, you should "chew slowly", think more, read repeatedly and take notes carefully.

Mathematician Zhang Guanghou said when talking about learning a math booklet: "This paper has more than 20 sides. I have been reading it over and over for more than half a year, because I always touch these pages with my hands, leaving an obvious black line on the edge of the white paper. Such repeated research will greatly promote our research work. My wife said,' This is not learning! Just like eating a book. "

To read books intensively, we should understand them once, that is, to understand the basic contents of books; Second, remember what you understand; Three meetings, that is, these understanding knowledge will be used; Four skills, that is, being able to skillfully express what you have learned from books or use it to analyze and solve problems.

Middle school is a basic education, which is the stage of laying the foundation, so the goal of intensive reading should be aimed at textbooks and main reference books.

(4) be diligent in thinking.

Einstein said: "find out what can lead you to the depths in the books you read, and throw away everything else, that is, throw away everything that will overload your mind and lure you away from the requirements." In other words, when reading, we should grasp the essence of the book and realize the transformation from shallow to deep.

Coleridge, an English poet, once divided readers into four categories: the first category is like an hourglass that leaks sand, which is injected and leaked out, leaving no trace at last; The second kind is like a sponge, which sucks everything and squeezes everything, leaving things intact and even dirty; The third kind is like a bag for filtering soybean milk, where all the soybean milk flows, leaving only bean dregs; The fourth kind is like the drudgery of digging gems, throwing away the slag and asking for pure gems. The meaning of this passage is that when reading, we should take the essence and discard the dross.

Hua said: "Comrades with high school education can recall the elementary school arithmetic and junior high school algebra they studied in the past. Do you still have that much in your mind? " Not that much. Because we understand it, we will use it, which means that the book becomes thinner. "The meaning of this passage is to realize the transformation from many and miscellaneous to few and refined when reading.

To sum up, we should make every effort to "keep precious stones", "lead to the depths" and "read thin books" when reading. So be diligent in thinking.

Specifically, we should do the following:

(1) Try to understand.

When reading, you should think while reading, and try to understand and grasp the central ideas and basic principles mentioned in the book. When reading, think about each paragraph and understand the truth. Read the whole text, read it together, think about it together, and find the connection between paragraphs, so as to understand an article, a text or a chapter as a whole.

(2) Clear your mind

Ye Shengtao, a famous educator, said: "The article is thoughtful and follows the Tao to know the truth." It means that every article reflects the author's thinking, and only by following this thinking can we understand the essence of the article. It can be seen how important it is to clear your mind for reading.

When reading natural science works, we should not only understand the conclusions of principles, laws, laws and formulas put forward in the book, but also clarify the ideas of the article and see how these conclusions are drawn. Dr. Li Zhengdao said: "After reading a paragraph, you should close the book and think about your own thoughts. If you can't get out, go back to the book and think about why you can't get out and why others can get through. " When reading, only remember the ready-made conclusions, no matter how these conclusions are drawn, it is difficult to improve the thinking ability in reading.

(3) Being able to ask questions

There are generally two kinds of problems found in reading: one is to think that some viewpoints in the book are incorrect and incomplete according to one's own knowledge, and put forward different meanings or supplements; One is because they don't have enough knowledge, so there are problems that they don't understand. With the improvement of knowledge and ability, middle school students find that the first kind of problems will gradually increase, while the second kind of problems will gradually decrease.

Once problems are found, you will gain more by reading relevant books and thinking deeply. It is also possible to discover new knowledge and gain new insights.

(4) Independent memory, learn to express accurately.

After reading, you should check the effect of reading through memory. You should be good at expressing what you understand in concise language and write it in your reading notes for future reference. Qian Weichang once said, "When reading, as long as you know its outline, its main spirit and main problems, learn the most important things first, and then look back to see what problems you have solved and what problems have not been solved?" ? For the problems that can't be solved at the moment, it's best to record them in a small notebook for later solution. "

(5) take reading notes.

William Liebknecht said in the article "Remembering Marx": "As long as there is a little possibility, he will continue to work. Even if he goes for a walk, he will bring a notebook and write something on it from time to time. " In order to write Das Kapital, from August 1850 to June 1853, Marx extracted 70 works by different authors and wrote 24 notes on political economy. In the process of writing Das Kapital, he extracted more than 1500 books and wrote at least 1000 notes.

Marx wrote down the time and place of taking notes on the cover of his notes, numbered them, and some even added titles ... Every note was numbered, and many notes were classified and summarized for future reference.

Hegel also has a unique habit of reading and studying, which is to classify the books he has read according to linguistics, aesthetics, geometry and psychology and put them in labeled folders. In this way, when you need any materials, you can always get them. He stuck to this habit all his life.

There are 5,000 cards extracted from A Brief History of Chinese Novels written by Lu Xun.

(1) Deepen understanding and consolidate memory.

The process of taking notes is a process of deepening understanding and strengthening memory. Some people say, "It's better to read it a thousand times than to copy it by hand." Even the simplest excerpts need to use your brain to extract the most wonderful places. As for writing experiences, it is even more necessary to use your brain. Therefore, with the desire to "take notes", it will inevitably urge you to concentrate on reading. In addition, compared with books, notes are naturally more concise, profound and generalized, which is not only conducive to understanding, but also conducive to memory.

(2) It helps to accumulate information and make knowledge "stored outside"

After reading for a long time, you can accumulate a lot of materials that meet your needs through notes to make up for the lack of memory in your mind. Because remembering with the brain is often not accurate and lasting, it is inevitable to forget, remember wrong or confuse. If the materials are classified and preserved, they can serve the study and future work for a long time. As long as you don't lose it, there is no problem of "forgetting". As long as you look at it before use, these "external storage" materials can become "internal memory" memories, so that the use of knowledge is handy. When recalling Marx, Paul Laffargue said, "He has a habit of rereading his notes and marked places in the book every once in a while to consolidate his very strong and accurate memory."

Many middle school students trust their memories when reading, and are too lazy to write, so that when they need to analyze and solve problems with the gains of reading, they completely forget it, which is a pity.

There are also middle school students who take a lot of notes, but they don't know how to sort them out regularly or how to keep them properly. Therefore, when they need it, they are too chaotic to find it and become "dead materials."

Generally, intensive books can be taken notes with notebooks, and extensive books can be taken notes with loose-leaf paper, and then sorted regularly.

If you learn to take reading notes and accumulate information in middle school, it will not only promote classroom learning, but also help students learn a set of reading methods and improve their reading ability over time, which will certainly bring great benefits to their self-study after they take up their jobs.