1. Classical Chinese Reading (21 points, including 3 points for each multiple-choice question, 9 points for translation questions, and 3 points for short-answer questions)
10. D
11. C
12. D
13. ① (3 points) "Why did you humiliate me in public? Isn't there a secluded place where you can't tell me in private?"
② (3 points) Those soldiers were all sons of common people, who came out from the fields to join the army. How did (they) understand the rules and regulations of the army?
③ (3 points) Emperor Wen was very happy. On the same day, he ordered Feng Tang to take the talisman to pardon Wei Shang's sins and appointed him as the governor of Yunzhong County again.
14. ① Although your majesty has obtained the incorruptible Li Mu, he cannot use it
② The appointment is successful, so Li Mu has to use his wisdom
③ Your Majesty's law is too clear, the reward is too light, and the punishment is too heavy
10. D. Rope: correction, sanction.
11. C. Hypothetical conjunction: even. (A. ① Preposition: because; ② Preposition: by... identity. B. ① Adverb, expressing the succession of two things: so, only; ② Adverb: only, only. D. ① Conjunction, expressing progression: and, and ; ② Conjunctions, table juxtaposition: also.)
12.D (This biography mainly uses dialogue description, so the statement "many detailed descriptions" is inaccurate.)
13. Keywords:
(1) Naihe, Zhongjian
(2) Family members have five talismans and rulers
(3) Think again
14. None
[Reference translation]
Feng Tang was famous for his filial piety. He was the chief minister of summer and served Emperor Wen. After Emperor Wen heard about the deeds of Lian Po and Li Mu, he was so happy that he clapped his thigh and said, "Oh! (Why) I can't get someone like Lian Po and Li Mu to be my general? (If I get it), How can I worry about the Huns?" Feng Tang said: "Even if your Majesty gets a general like Lian Po and Li Mu, he doesn't know how to use it!" Emperor Wen was very angry and stood up and returned to the palace. After a while, , then he summoned Feng Tang and scolded him: "Why did you humiliate me in public? Isn't there a secluded place where you can't tell me privately?" Feng Tang apologized and said, "I am a countryman who doesn't know how to avoid taboos."
At that time, the Huns had just invaded Chaona County and killed Sun Mao, the captain of Beidi County. Emperor Wen was worried about the Xiongnu entering the settlement, so he asked Feng Tang again: "How do you know that I don't know how to appoint people like Lian Po and Li Mu?" Feng Tang replied: "I heard that ancient kings sent generals , knelt down and pushed the cart, saying, "The affairs within the imperial court are decided by the few, while the affairs outside the imperial court are left to the discretion of the general. All matters regarding merit, rewards, and titles are decided by the general outside. He will report back when he comes back." That's it.' This is not nonsense. My grandfather said that Li Mu was a general of Zhao and was stationed at the border. All the taxes and taxes from the army and the city were used to reward the soldiers, and the rewards were decided outside, without any entrustment from the imperial court. He, and asked him to succeed, so Li Mu could use his wisdom to dispatch 1,300 carefully selected chariots, 13,000 capable cavalry, and 100,000 good men worth a hundred gold, so he could drive out in the north Shanyu defeated the Eastern Hu, annihilated Danlin, suppressed the powerful Qin in the west, and resisted Han and Wei in the south. At that time, Zhao State almost dominated. Later, Zhao Wangqian came to the throne - his mother was a housewife. Later, he actually listened to Guo Kai's slander and finally killed Li Mu and sent Yan Ju to replace him. As a result, the army was defeated and the soldiers fled and were captured and killed by the Tai soldiers. Now I heard that Wei Shang was the governor of Yunzhong County. , all the taxes from his military market were used to reward the soldiers, and he also used his private money to kill an ox every few days to feed the guests, military officials and people. Therefore, the Xiongnu hid far away and did not dare to approach Yun At the pass of Zhongjun, the Huns once invaded. Wei Shang led his cavalry to attack and killed many enemies.
Those soldiers were all sons of common people who came out from the fields to join the army. How did they understand the rules and regulations of the army? He only fights desperately all day long, beheads and captures enemies, and goes to the shogunate to record his military exploits. However, if there is any slight disagreement, the civil servants will punish him with the law. Those who should be rewarded will not be rewarded, but if they break the law, the civil servants will definitely punish them according to the law. I foolishly thought that your majesty's laws were too strict, the rewards were too light, and the punishments were too heavy. Moreover, Wei Shang, the governor of Yunzhong County, was only guilty of falsely reporting that he had killed six more enemies. Your Majesty handed him over to the judge, deprived him of his title, and sentenced him to one year in prison. From this point of view, even if His Majesty gets generals like Lian Po and Li Mu, he doesn't know how to use them. I am really stupid, I have violated a taboo, I deserve the death penalty, I deserve the death penalty! Emperor Wen was very happy. On the same day, he ordered Feng Tang to take the talisman to pardon Wei Shang's sins, and appointed him as the governor of Yunzhong County again. He also appointed Feng Tang as the commander of chariots and cavalry, commanding the lieutenants and chariot warriors of the county. .
Ten years later, Emperor Jing came to the throne and appointed Feng Tang as the Prime Minister of Chu. Emperor Wu came to the throne and visited virtuous people. At that time, Feng Tang was over ninety years old and could no longer be promoted. He became an official, so he appointed his son Feng Sui as his son. Feng Sui, also known as Wang Sun, was also an extraordinary person and was very close to me. 2. Selected from the classical Chinese text "Yu Ion", the Zhao people's choices in raising cats. Is it correct?
In the classical Chinese article "Yu Ion", Zhao Ren's choice of raising cats is correct. Zhao Ren advocates looking at the problem from a fundamental point of view. If the advantages outweigh the disadvantages, then the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. It's a waste.
His son's suggestion is that the cat should be thrown away because of choking.
Original text:
A man from Zhao was begging for a cat from Zhongshan. A man from Zhongshan gave him a cat that was good at catching rats and chickens. After a month, the rats were gone and the chickens were gone. His father said: "It's not as if you know it." My problem is rats, not chickens. If there are rats in my husband, they will steal my food, destroy my clothes, wear out my walls, destroy my utensils and use them. Will I be hungry and cold? Will I not get sick without chickens? If there is no chicken, if you eat the chicken, it will be gone, and the hunger and cold will be far away, so how can you get rid of the cat? ”
Translation:
A man in the State of Zhao was worried about mice, so he asked the State of Zhongshan for a cat. The people of the State of Zhongshan gave him a cat, which was very good at catching mice. And chickens. After more than a month, all the mice and chickens were caught in their house. His son was worried about this and said to his father, "Why don't you get rid of the cats?" "That's not something you can know," said his father. The trouble in our house is the presence of rats, not the presence or absence of chickens. With rats, they eat our food, bite our clothes, penetrate our walls, and destroy our furniture and utensils. We will starve and freeze. Isn’t it more harmful than not having chickens? There are no chickens, but we just don’t eat chickens. We are still far away from starving and freezing! Why should the cat be driven away? ”
Principle:
To look at the problem, you must look at it fundamentally, take a long-term perspective, and be able to weigh the pros and cons. You cannot just look at the surface and focus only on the present. 3. "She" in classical Chinese What does it mean? >
To give up means to leave. ——"Guangya"
To abandon the carriage and leave. ——"Yi? Ben"
Another example: to give up one's hand (let go of one's hand) ; put down the hand); abandon (throw away); abandon the face (lower the face)
Give up; give up
All things give up this in order to survive - "Laozi" Annotated Sutras. It is better to give up than to give up - "Yi Tun"
Give up one's life - "Shi Zheng Feng Zao Qiu"
Confucius said in Sichuan: The deceased is like a man who does not give up day and night - "The Analects of Confucius"
If you ask, you will get it; if you give it up, you will lose it - "Mencius - Gao Ziyi"
Guan Zhong's choice is not known by Zhou Gongdan - "Han Feizi? Difficulty II"
He left behind his pommel horse and used his boat to compete with Wu and Yue.
――"Zi Zhi Tong Jian"
Give up the fish and take it
shè house
◎ The house where you live: stay~. Travel~. School~.
◎ Residence and rest: ~ at the foot of the mountain.
◎ Qianci mostly refers to relatives who are younger or lower in rank than themselves: ~brother. ~Nephew. ~Dear.
◎ In ancient times, marching for one night or thirty miles was equivalent to one camp: retreat three times~ (a metaphor for giving in to others).
◎ Surname.
◎ Take 4. How to review a classical Chinese essay should be explained clearly in several steps
Classical Chinese essays occupy half of the Chinese reading section of the college entrance examination (including ordinary college entrance examinations and vocational college entrance examinations), and Modern Chinese reading is equally divided. With the comprehensive promotion and continuous deepening of the curriculum reform, the examination of classical Chinese will gradually increase (for example, the 2006 Guangdong College Entrance Examination has set a separate question to examine classical Chinese sentence structure).
So, how can we review classical Chinese well? The author believes that it can be generally divided into three stages: 1. Overall grasp stage (1) Clarify the requirements and test points. Before reviewing the classical Chinese section of the college entrance examination, we must take a class time to explain the requirements of the classical Chinese college entrance examination and the relevant situations of the college entrance examination in previous years, so that students can have an overall understanding.
In this way, it is not only conducive to cultivating students' enthusiasm for review, but also enabling students to know themselves and their enemies, so as to be targeted. 1. General requirements: Ability to read simple classical Chinese.
The simple criteria are: (1) Vocabulary: common words and less common words in classical Chinese. (2) Grammatical structure: Use common classical Chinese sentence patterns.
(3) Genre: non-specialized academic works. (4) Content: There is less unfamiliar ancient cultural knowledge or difficult ancient cultural background, and less use of allusions.
(5) Style: typical classical Chinese works (old vernacular is not included in the test). Mr. Liu Guozheng once cited four books as representatives of simple classical Chinese. They are: "Mencius", the biographical part of "Historical Records", "Mengxi Bi Tan", and "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio".
2. Specific test requirements: (1) Understanding ① Understand the meaning of common content words in the text. ②Understand the usage of common classical Chinese function words in the text.
③Understand sentence patterns and usages that are different from modern Chinese (the higher vocational college entrance examination still involves the understanding or translation of the content of the article). ④Understand and translate the sentences in the text.
(2) Analysis and synthesis ① Screen and extract the information in the text. ② Summarize the key points of the content and summarize the central idea.
③Analyze and summarize the author’s views and attitudes in the article. (2) Firmly establish a knowledge tree and initially grasp the basic knowledge involved in each test point. Through studying in junior high school and high school, students have accumulated certain knowledge of classical Chinese, but it is relatively messy and unsystematic in their minds.
At this time, students should be helped to firmly establish a knowledge tree of classical Chinese based on the test points. The main framework of the knowledge tree includes text, words, sentence patterns, and translation.
Text includes pronunciation and shape of characters; words include content words such as ancient and modern synonyms, multiple meanings of one word, and flexible use of parts of speech (including usages of causative, conative, and verb), and function words such as adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. Particles, interjections, as well as dual words and disyllabic words such as continuous words, synonymous compound words, partial meaning compound words, compound function words, etc., as well as some words with relatively fixed semantics; sentence patterns such as judgment sentences, passive sentences, and inverted sentences , interrogative sentences, omitted sentences, etc.; translation involves literal translation (mainly) and free translation (auxiliary). Firmly establishing a knowledge tree will allow students to have a more comprehensive and systematic grasp of classical Chinese, and review will be more targeted.
So, how can we firmly establish a tree of knowledge in students' minds? The author believes that teachers should use about three weeks to help students learn each test point from bottom to top based on the trend of the knowledge tree. The learning content should be relatively comprehensive to help students initially memorize and understand.
Taking the test point of learning content words as an example, the content roughly includes: a detailed analysis of the test points; a review of the college entrance examination questions related to this test point in the past two or three years to understand the test methods; and more importantly, the basic concepts involved in this test point. To summarize the knowledge (such as mainly monosyllables, polysemy of a word, conjugation of word categories, ancient and modern synonyms, Tongjiazi, etc.), the induction work should be done in more detail. For example, for 120 common classical Chinese content words, its common use should be summarized. For the meaning, find as many example sentences in the text as possible to corroborate them.
The study, sorting and summarization of other test points are roughly the same. 2. Consolidate the knowledge of classical Chinese in textbooks. In the current intense review and preparation period, many teachers and candidates often ignore textbooks when reviewing classical Chinese.
Some candidates believe that for the classical Chinese test in the college entrance examination, all the selected texts are from outside the classroom, and there is no need to spend too much effort on the classical Chinese texts in the textbooks; some teachers only focus on the systematic test points based on the syllabus during tutoring. Review without paying sufficient attention to the textbook. In the practice of tutoring the college entrance examination and in the interpretation of the college entrance examination papers, the author deeply realized that ignoring the texts in the textbook is undoubtedly an approach of neglecting the essentials and neglecting the last.
First, it is most important to learn classical Chinese and cultivate a sense of language. Only by reading more and over a long period of time can we gradually understand and master the language characteristics of classical Chinese.
As your sensitivity to classical Chinese language gradually increases, your sense of classical Chinese language will naturally develop. The classical Chinese texts in the textbooks have been carefully screened by experts and scholars and then concentrated in middle school textbooks. They can be said to be the most classic, most concentrated, and most standardized.
If you read these articles thoroughly, it should be said that you have basically laid a foundation for one's classical Chinese. Before the exam, if you re-read and consolidate all the classical Chinese passages in the textbook, or even recite them, and review the notes at the end of the text several times to deepen your memory, it will definitely be of great benefit to the college entrance examination! Second, the principle of propositions in the college entrance examination should be said to be based on the knowledge points in the textbooks. Proposers will never deviate from the textbooks and randomly select articles from outside the class to prepare questions for assessment.
In the final analysis, the college entrance examination test is the transfer and extension of textbook knowledge to extracurricular areas, which tests students’ level and ability to use textbook knowledge to solve extracurricular problems. In other words, the questions are outside the class and the answers are inside the class.
The assessment content of classical Chinese is nothing more than content words, function words, sentence patterns, translation, comprehension, etc. As long as you have a good grasp of the content words, function words, sentence patterns, etc. that appear in the textbooks, then you will be good for the college entrance examination. The assessment of these knowledge points is not difficult to solve, and it is also easy to understand and translate extracurricular classical Chinese in the college entrance examination. Looking at the college entrance examination questions in recent years, they all have the above characteristics.
Let’s take the classical Chinese reading question in the 2006 Guangdong Provincial College Entrance Examination as an example for a brief analysis. The first question is as follows: Regarding the explanation of the added words in the following sentences, the incorrect one is A. Zhong Ran Nuo, good Zhou people are in urgent need of relief B. Mother is as she said, attached to the boat to visit Tan C. Tan Xie Bu Accept, apologize to the mother for being very sleepy D. Serve the mother with rice, hold the quilt in bed with the mother... eat "Thank you" in item C is a common content word with multiple meanings, except for "apology", "farewell", "thank you", In addition to the meanings of "tell" and "wither", it is also used as a commonly used meaning in "to decline or refuse".
5. Classical Chinese Reading Jiang Zhan, named Huiyuan, was born in Kaocheng, Jiyang, and was the governor of Xiangzhou, Yi Ziye
(1) Translation of sentence C: Jiang Zhan was not notified to participate. Order: notification, invitation. ( 2) B ② Shows Jiang Zhan’s integrity; ③ Shows Jiang Zhan’s fairness; ⑥ Shows Jiang Zhan’s unyieldingness. Therefore, exclude these choices B. (3) D “So he stepped forward” is wrong. The original text is “Zhan went straight to the province and heard the call. "The noise was hidden in the hut." He did not come forward, but hid in the hut. (4) ① for, to be quilt; to wash clothes, to wash clothes; to pass through the day, one day. Translated as: once by the emperor When summoned, it was time to wash clothes, so he had to complain of illness for one day, and then went to the summons after his clothes were dried. ②No, no objection; ear, that's all. Translation: The Northern Expedition was originally my idea, Jiang Zhan just didn't object. Answer : (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) ① Once he was summoned by the emperor, and when he was doing laundry, he had to complain of illness for a day, and then went to the summons after his clothes were dried. ② The Northern Expedition was originally my idea, Jiang Zhan just didn't object. Classical Chinese translation: Jiang Zhan, courtesy name Huishen, courtesy name Huiyuan, was born in Kaocheng, Jiyang. He was the son of Jiang Yi, the governor of Xiangzhou. He was famous for his filial piety during his mourning period. He loved articles, righteousness, and playing chess and piano. In the Ming Dynasty, he served as Zuo Lang at first, and was promoted to Situ Xing of Liu Yikang, the king of Pengcheng, to join the army. Liu Yixuan, the king of Nanqiao, was appointed as the meritorious officer of the left army. He was then appointed as the chief secretary of Liu Yikang's Situ and the crown prince. Sikong Tan Daoji proposed to marry Jiang Zhan's sister for his son. Without agreeing, Liu Yikang gave the order but refused to obey. People at that time respected him for his ambition. Liu Yikang wanted to invite him to stay with him day and night, but Jiang Zhan insisted on taking up a foreign post, so he appointed him as the internal history of Wuling. After returning to Beijing, he served as Situ. Lang, he was promoted to the title of Prince's Concubine and Minister of History. He was appointed as the governor of Southern Xuzhou following King Liu Dan, appointed Jiang Zhan as the governor of Nandonghai, and entrusted political affairs to him. In the twenty-fifth year of Yuanjia (448), he was recruited as a servant. In the middle, he was entrusted with the secret affairs of the imperial court, and he was promoted to the great Zhongzheng of the state, and was promoted to the general of Zuowei. At that time, the official position of the school was changed. Liu Yigong, the king of Jiangxia, was also appointed as the prince of the country. In the twenty-seventh year, he was transferred to the minister of the Ministry of official affairs. He His family was very poor and simple, but he did not seek money and wealth. Many gifts were often given to him, but he would not accept any of them. The family did not have two sets of clothes and no extra food. He was once summoned by the emperor to wash clothes, so he had to complain that he was sick for a day. After drying his clothes, he went to the call. Once the cow was hungry and the driver came to ask for fodder. It took a long time before Jiang Zhan said, "Give the cow water." When he was appointed Minister of Rites, he selected officials, and many people They ridiculed him for being too harsh, but he was fair and selfless and did not accept requests or requests from others. Those who commented on him also praised him for this. At first, the emperor launched a large-scale northern expedition, and all the officials in the court expressed opposition. Only Jiang Zhan supported him. Suo invaded Guagua At the next step, the leading general Liu Zunkao led his army to the Yangtze River. The imperial court ordered Jiang Zhan to concurrently serve as the leader, and all matters in the army were handled by him. The Northern Lu sent envoys to propose marriage, and the emperor summoned the prince Liu Shao and other ministers to discuss it. Everyone said They were supposed to get married, but Jiang Zhan said: "Rong and Di are not trustworthy, so there is no benefit in getting married." Liu Shaosheng was furious and said to Jiang Zhan: "Now that the three kings are in trouble, how can they insist on their different opinions irresponsibly?" Severely. After the meeting, everyone went out. Liu Shao ordered his guards and followers to push him, almost to the ground. Liu Shao said to the emperor again: "The Northern Expedition failed and was humiliated. Several states fell into the hands of the enemy. The only choice was to kill Jiang Zhan." Only then can I apologize to the people of the world." The emperor said: "The Northern Expedition was my idea, Jiang Zhan just didn't object." After that, Liu Shao held banquets and gatherings without notifying Jiang Zhan to attend. He often said to the emperor: "Jiang Zhan He is a treacherous and sycophantic person, and you should not get close to him." The emperor then hired Jiang Zhan's third daughter for Liu Shao's eldest son Liu Weizhi, hoping to reconcile them. The emperor was about to abolish Liu Shao and establish a crown prince, and ordered Jiang Zhan to draft a plan The edict. When Liu Shao entered the palace to kill the emperor, Jiang Zhan was working the night shift in Shangshu Province. He heard the shouting and hid in a small room next to him. Liu Shao sent people to search for him, but the officials coaxed him and said: "He is not here. "The soldiers killed the housekeeper and captured Jiang Zhan. Jiang Zhan was killed leaning against the window with an unyielding look on his face. He was forty-six years old at the time. Weird things had happened to Jiang Zhan's family several times before. A few days before he was killed, something happened to him. Suddenly there were several liters of blood on the bed. When the emperor ascended the throne, he was posthumously awarded the title of Doctor Zuo Guanglu, and his posthumous title was Zhongjian Gong.
6. Answers to reading ancient poems about sacrificing one’s life for righteousness
The classical Chinese text “Qian Jinyu Sacrifice One’s Life for Righteousness” is selected from the Encyclopedia of Junior High School Classical Chinese. The original text of the ancient poem is as follows:
Original text
Qian Jinyu Guan Songjiang Mr. Qian is a Congolese person who is honest and honest. In Daoguang, there was an opium war in Renyin, so Qian Fang went home on holiday to visit relatives. After hearing the news, he dressed up and set off. His relatives and friends, Ni, said: "The military is urgent, and the fortune and misfortune cannot be known. The emperor is lying, and the superior officials have not written to persuade the emperor to go there. Why?" Qian did not listen. As soon as they arrived at Wusong, they guarded the west fort and ate and slept with the soldiers, fighting each other with all their strength. When the east fort collapsed, the projectiles gathered in the west fort. Qian Fenyong supervised the battle and bled for several hours. He was shot three times in his left arm and suffered many injuries. The soldier who was close by cried and said: "My mother is here, so I can't die." He smiled and said with thanks, "How can anyone escape from the country's salary and suffer the consequences? Fortunately, you don't have to worry about my mother!" Not long after, a bullet came, from the center left. Milk, then servant. On his deathbed, Judah shouted "Thieves and slaves are ruining the country" but ignored him.
Notes
① Qian Zong: the name of the military attaché of the Qing Dynasty.
②Shang: Advocate.
③Daoguang Renyin: refers to 1842. Daoguang is the reign name of Xuanzong of the Qing Dynasty.
④ Provocation (xìn): This refers to the disaster of war.
⑤Fang leave and return to the province (xǐng) to visit relatives: Take a legitimate leave and come back to visit relatives.
⑥Ni: Stop.
⑦Fang: Justifiable.
⑧interest (cù): same as "prompt", urge.
⑨ Xu (xù): Encourage.
⑩Xian: Du.
⑾Dié (blood): describes killing people who bleed a lot.
⑿ Zeng Shaoqing: Still didn’t take a step back. Less, slightly.
⒀Crying Chen: Talking while crying.
⒁ Yanyou: Where is it?
⒂Fortunate: Hope.
⒃The dying moment: the time of death.
⒄ Setting: Stop.
Translation
Qian Jinyu was appointed as Qianzong of Songjiang County. He had a resolute and courageous temperament and advocated integrity. During the Daoguang Renyin period (1842), the Opium War broke out. Qian Jinyu was on vacation returning to his hometown to visit relatives. When he heard the news, he immediately packed up and set off. His relatives and friends stopped him and said: "The war is urgent. Whether it is a disaster or a blessing is unknown. You are on vacation, and the superior officials have no documents to urge you to go. Why are you going back in such a hurry?" Qian Jinyu refused to listen and returned to Wusongkou. After that, he followed the army to guard the West Fort, ate, slept and acted together with the soldiers. They encouraged each other with words of fighting hard. After the East Fort fell, all the guns and artillery shells fell into the West Fort. Qian Jinyu bravely directed the battle and fought bloody for several hours. He was shot three times in his left arm and still did not take a step back. The soldiers beside him cried and said: "You have your old mother here, so you can't die." Qian Jinyu smiled and said goodbye: "How can you enjoy the national salary but escape when the country is in trouble? I hope you don't worry about my mother. "Soon, a bullet flew and hit his left chest, and he fell. When he was dying, he kept shouting "traitors have harmed the country".