When the weather makes clouds cause rain, there must be water vapor first, and the water vapor is transported by the wind. "The east wind sends moisture, and the west wind is dry; The south wind is warm and the north wind is cold. " The wind has obvious omen for the weather change.

"The south wind blows to the end, and the north wind returns the gift", which is the change of wind direction before and after the cold air passes. Before the cold air went south to reach the local area, it was affected by the warm air mass and blew southerly. When the cold air arrived, it turned northerly. Before and after the wind direction changed, the weather turned cloudy and rainy.

"Northwest wind, the sky is locked, the rain clears and the sky turns fine", blowing northwest wind means that the local area has been controlled by dry and cold air mass, which indicates that the weather will turn fine.

"Clouds cross clouds, and it is raining" and "Clouds will change against the prevailing trend", indicating that the wind direction in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere is inconsistent, which is easy to cause air convection up and down, resulting in convective weather such as thunderstorms.

the weather reflected by the wind direction is different in different seasons. "There is easterly rain in three seasons of the year, only the easterly rain in summer" and "the northeast wind, the ancestor of rain" indicate that the easterly wind will turn rainy in 1 ~ 2 days, while the easterly wind in summer will blow the airflow with low sea temperature to the land, which plays a role in regulating the temperature, and it is not easy to rain, especially thunderstorms.

2. Look at the clouds to see the sky

As the saying goes, "Clouds are the sign of the weather". The shape, height and direction of clouds directly reflect the state of weather movement at that time and indicate the future weather changes. People attach great importance to seeing clouds and measuring the sky.

"Clouds go east, with nothing, clouds go west, and the water is sad; The clouds go south, the rain becomes a pool, and the clouds go north, which is good for drying the valley. " The cloud moves to the east or southeast, indicating that the wind blows from the west to the northwest at high altitude, so there is a "cloud to the east, with a sieve". "Clouds go west" means that at the turn of spring and summer, clouds extend from the east or southeast, which is often a sign of typhoon attack, so it will be "sad". The cloud moves south, indicating that the cold air moves south and the cold and warm air masses meet. Therefore, "the cloud moves south and the rain becomes a pool". The cloud moves to the north, indicating that this area is controlled by a single heating mass, and it is "good to bask in the valley" without rain.

the clouds in the sky are consistent, and the weather is sunny. The upper and lower clouds move in different directions, and the weather changes will be fierce and complicated. As the proverb goes, "Clouds meet in the sky, and it rains cats and dogs on the ground", "Sail with the wind, head against the wind and rain", and the sky will change against the trend.

There are many proverbs that judge the sky by the color of the sky, such as "Dark clouds pile up in front of the eyes of a thunderstorm", "When people are covered with dark clouds, rain will come quickly", "When people are yellow, it will rain", "When the sun rises, red clouds rise, so you are advised not to go out", "When the evening is yellow, it will rain heavily in the Ming Dynasty" and so on.

3. Look at the rain to see the sky

The morning and evening, intensity and orientation of rain and snow weather phenomena all correspond to a certain weather situation, so we can judge and infer the weather changes.

"There was no heavy rain in Mao Mao before the rain, and there was no sunny day in Mao Mao after the rain". It means that it rains in Mao Mao at the beginning, which indicates that the rain will not be heavy. If it rains heavily, it will turn to rain in Mao Mao, which indicates that it will continue to rain and it will not clear up easily.

"Open the door to rain, the next finger; It rains behind closed doors, and it falls a foot ","It rains early, and firewood is cut late; It rains late and wears rain boots ",which means that it begins to rain in the morning, with short time and small rainfall, and it rains before and after dinner, with long time and heavy rainfall.

"When it rains, both ends are empty" means that there is a thunderstorm at noon, and the time is short, and both ends are sunny.

"It will clear up in the evening after a long rain". When it is rainy, the rain will stop clearing up around the evening, which indicates that the rain will end and the weather will clear up.

Fourth, hearing the thunder and forecasting the sky

People often predict the weather according to the thunder. "Lei Gong sings first, and there is not much rain." This proverb refers to the thunder rumbling before it rains, indicating that the rain was caused by thermal reasons such as uneven heating in some areas. It is also called hot thunderstorm, which is short in rainfall, short in time and strong in locality. It often appears that "summer rain is across the river, and it rains here and basks there."

"After the rain, it rains heavily, but it rains slowly" and "The thunder pushes the mill in the water, and it rains all over the river". These proverbs mean that it rains first, then it is calm and sultry after the rain, and the rain is getting more and more fierce, and the thunder is endless, which indicates that there will be heavy rain; For example, in the process of rainfall, the thunder is neither too heavy nor too slow, and the beating stops, which indicates that there will be continuous rain.

"Thunder thundered in the southwest, and heavy rain rushed down" means that thunderstorms started in the southwest, which came slowly, and the rain was fierce and lasted for a long time. "Thunder sounds in the northwest, and raindrops drop in an instant." Thunderstorms in the northwest come quickly, with strong winds, and hail will fall when there are red clouds.

"It thunders in the northeast, but the rainfall is not large" and "It thunders in the southeast, but it doesn't rain", and the rainfall is also judged according to the direction of thunder.

5. Observing the sky through fog

Fog is a common weather phenomenon. Especially in winter and spring, on a sunny and breezy night, there is a lot of water vapor in the atmosphere near the surface, and the water vapor condenses into fog, or when the cold air mass moves to the warm and wet ground, it will also form fog. Watching fog can also predict weather changes.

"It's foggy and sunny, and it's foggy and rainy". When it's foggy, the sky is white, which indicates sunny days. If it's dusty, it indicates rainy days. "Long sunny and foggy rain, long rainy and foggy sunny", after long sunny, there is less water vapor in the air, so it is not easy to form fog. If there is fog, it indicates that warm and humid air moves, and it will turn rainy when the cold air in the north affects it. After a long rain, the cold air has been controlled locally. At night, the clouds dissipated, and there was a breeze. In the morning, there was a fog, and the rain turned fine.

Fog in different seasons indicates different weather in the future. "Spring fog and rain, summer fog and heat, autumn fog and cool wind, winter fog and snow" means that there is fog in spring and it will turn rainy; After the fog dissipates in summer, the weather is sunny and hot; Fog in autumn indicates that there is cold air going south and there will be continuous rain; The fog in winter indicates that it will snow recently.

6. Observing the sky

Suspended substances such as water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals in the atmosphere make the sun, the moon, the stars and the sky appear many colors and many optical phenomena. Observing its changes can predict the future weather.

"If you don't go out at sunrise, you can travel thousands of miles at dusk". In the morning, the sun rises in the east. If there is too much water vapor in the atmosphere, some blue light, blue light and purple light with short wavelength in the sunlight are scattered by the atmosphere, and only red light, orange light and yellow light penetrate the atmosphere, and the sky is dyed red and orange, forming a morning glow. The appearance of hongxia means that the clouds and rain in the west will move, so "the morning glow will not go out." At night, seeing the sunset glow shows that the clouds and rain have moved to the east and the weather will turn fine, so "the sunset glow travels thousands of miles." The same is true of the proverb "the sunrise is carmine, and there is wind without rain", "the sunrise is red, so advise you not to travel far" and "the sun shines yellow, and tomorrow will be stormy".

"The sun appears at noon, and we won't see each other for the next three days", which means that it was rainy two days ago and that morning, and the sun appeared at noon, and it didn't take long for the weather to turn rainy again, indicating that it will be rainy continuously.

VII. Observing the sky by looking at objects

When meteorological conditions change, there will be some changes in the activities and habits of animals and plants, and people can predict the weather according to these changes.

"The turtle's back is sweating, so take an umbrella when going out." The turtle's back shell is wet, and the lines on the shell are mixed and dark, which is a sign that it is going to rain. There are water drops on the turtle shell, like sweating, and it is going to rain heavily. The turtle shell is dry and the lines are clear, which indicates that it will not rain in the near future. This is because the turtle body is close to the ground, and the turtle back is smooth and cool. When warm and humid air moves, water drops will cool and condense on the turtle back, and it will rain. On the contrary, the air is dry and it will not rain for the time being.

"snake corridor, heavy rain is coming", "water snake dishes firewood, underground heavy rain flows", "ants nest in the sky", "earthworms seal holes with heavy rain", "dragonflies fly low, take raincoats when they go out", "cicadas call to stop, even rainy days come", "fish jump out of the water, and the wind and rain are fast. These experiences in measuring the sky are almost household names. They are all physiological responses of animals to low air pressure and increased humidity before rain.

when it turns sunny to rainy, people feel bored, tired and uncomfortable. The old man's backache, the patient's itchy wound and joint pain all indicate that it will be rainy.

8. Predicting the weather on key days of the lunar calendar

There are many weather proverbs that predict the weather on key days of the lunar calendar. For example, "Look up at the third day of junior high school, look down at the fifteenth and sixteenth", "If the third day of junior high school is broken, you can't do it for half a month", "If you want to know whether you will be paralyzed in the future, you should look at the 23rd day of the lunar calendar" (paralysis means rain), "It rains on the fourth day of the month, and it will be sunny for nine days in January", "The drought can't escape May 13th" and "Sun the dragon robe on June 6th, and drench it for forty-five days" (refers to

why is the weather easy to change on these key days? After long-term observation, it is found that cold and warm air masses often appear on some fixed dates of the lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is closely related to the lunar phase. The tidal force of the moon on the atmosphere and ocean changes periodically, which will make the cold and warm air mass more active on certain fixed dates, and the weather will change when it is affected.

nine or three months' rhythmical climate measurement

There is a certain change relationship between the two weather and climate at a certain time, which is called rhythm in meteorology. Many weather proverbs for weather and climate prediction are prosodic in nature.

The rhythm of three months shows the connection between seasons, such as:

(1) "Spring rain is as expensive as oil, and summer rain flows everywhere", "There is no strong wind in spring, and summer rain is poor" and "When peach blossoms are exhausted, it must be dry plum blossoms".

(2) "There is no rain in summer and drought in autumn" and "It is cold in summer and long in autumn".

(3) "Autumn waters are in abundance, and it snows all over the sky in winter" and "There is drought in autumn and ice in winter".

(4) "Cold water dries up, spring water is abundant", "Winter thunder strikes, and spring rain falls".

(5) "One hundred days of rain in Chun Xue".

These weather proverbs reflect the relationship between seasonal climate characteristics. When meteorologists use these proverbs for climate prediction, they need to verify a lot of proverbs first, and then use them as a criterion for climate prediction.

measuring the climate with rhythm in ten or five months

Many weather proverbs reflect the changes and connections of the weather and climate for five months, about one season apart. For example:

(1) "No spring breeze, no autumn rain", "There are several strong winds in spring and several heavy rains in autumn".

(2) "No east wind in September, no heavy rain in Huangmei", "One wind in September, one rain in Fu Li", "South wind in September, drought in Fu Li" and "South wind in April, drought in Fu Li".

The above two groups of weather proverbs mainly predict the precipitation weather for about 5 months (15 days) according to the cold air activities in winter and spring. We have verified weather proverbs and checked the relationship between cold air activities in January and precipitation in June. We found that there were 26 cold air activities, 23 of which had precipitation in the next 15 days, accounting for 88%, and the precipitation process averaged 3 days. It can be seen that the reliability of predicting climate change with five-month rhythm is still relatively high.

Every star in the sky, every pebble on the ground, moss on the stone, floating clouds in the sky, verdant grass, delicate and bright small wild flowers, morning frost on the bluestone slab bridge, birds in fly with me, beautiful seashells and anchovies on the seashore, mysterious footprints in the snow, fish swimming in the water, and rings in ancient trees ...

There are so many.

you have learned to read for a long time, and you can easily read any sign on the street. You won't go to the barber shop to buy medicine, and you won't go to the pharmacy to get a haircut. If people don't accompany you, you can easily find your way, just give you the correct address, street name and house number.

words are really good things. If you know the word, you can read the thickest book and understand everything in the world.

But there is another set of words, which everyone who wants to be truly knowledgeable should know.

this is the writing of nature. It always has thousands of letters. Every star in the sky is a letter. Every pebble under your feet is also a letter.

For people who don't know this set of characters, all the stars are the same thing. However, some people recognize the names of many stars and can tell how they are different from other stars.

Just as the words in the book are composed of letters, the stars in the sky also form constellations.

from ancient times, when sailors needed to find their way at sea, they went to see the book written by the star. You know, boarding a boat on the surface of the water just leaves no trace, and there is no signpost with an arrow that says "Go north from here".

but sailors don't need such signboards. They have a compass with a magnetic needle, which always points north. Even if they don't have a compass, they still can't get lost. They looked into the sky and found Ursa minor among many constellations and Polaris among Ursa minor. The north is beyond the North Star.

clouds are also letters in the big book of the sky. It talks not only about the present, but also about the future. In the best weather, according to the clouds, we can predict thunderstorms or lewd rain. 〕。

sometimes, in hot summer, a white Yunshan stands far away in the sky. Two sharp points protrude from this Yunshan to the left and right. The mountain becomes like an anvil in a blacksmith's shop [anvil (zhēn): an instrument that is placed under it when beating steel materials. ].

pilots know that anvil cloud is a harbinger of a thunderstorm. It is better to stay away from it. If you fly in it, it will destroy the plane-the wind is so strong there.

Birds, the messengers of the sky, will also teach many skills to those who pay attention to them.

if swallows fly high in the sky and look small, there will be fine weather. The white-billed crow flew in and said that spring had arrived at the gate. The flying crane can tell people that the hot weather is over without a calendar.

The sun is still very hot, and it is a calm and sunny day. At this time, strange and uneasy voices came from afar, as if someone was echoing each other at high altitude. The sound is getting higher and higher and closer. Staring at the sky can finally make out a fuzzy spider web, as if it were blown by the wind. The spider web flew near, and I looked up and saw that it was not a spider web, but many birds with long necks. They fly in a herringbone shape, in a neat formation, flying towards the sunny forest. But soon I couldn't tell the birds apart, and it looked like a spider's web again. In a blink of an eye, even the cobwebs disappeared without a trace. They seemed to melt in the sky. Only the voice came from far away, as if to say,

"Goodbye! Goodbye! See you next spring! "

You can learn many novel things by reading the big book Sky.

Even the land under our feet is a very interesting book for those who can read it.

Now, on the construction site, the shovel of the digger touched the gray stone. In your opinion, this is just an ordinary stone, but to those who understand natural characters, it is not an ordinary stone, but limestone. It is changed from broken shells. You know shellfish are the inhabitants of the sea. It can be seen that in ancient times, this place that is now a city used to be a sea of Wang Yang.

Sometimes, when you are walking in the forest, you suddenly see a large granite block lying in the middle of the forest, covered with moss, just like fur.

how did it get here? Who has such great strength to move such a big stone into the forest? Moreover, how did it get through the dense forest?

anyone who knows the characters of nature will immediately say that this is called boulders [boulders (Li): huge stones deposited after the melting of glaciers, which are often scratched by glaciers. Gravel, gravel ), it was not moved by people, but by ice. These glaciers crawl from the cold north,