similar

There is a little humor, the title is "amazing copper stink":

A, B and C made a bet to see who could stay in the smelly fox hole the longest.

A went in less than a minute and gave up-covering her nose and running out of the hole.

B is no better, he only stayed one minute longer than A.

C has been in the hole for a long time and hasn't come out yet.

Suddenly, a fox came out and shouted, "This man is really greedy for money. His copper smell is worse than my fox smell, and he smoked me out! " "

This passage turns the fox into a human being and gives the fox a human expression. This method is called analogy.

Comparison, also called transformation. It means that when describing a thing, change its original nature and turn it into something completely different in nature, so as to describe it. That is to say, according to the needs of expression, things are deliberately regarded as people, people as crops or things as objects, or abstract concepts are described as concrete things. It can be divided into personification and imitation.

1. avatar

Personification is the humanization of things, which speaks things other than people as adults and endows people with actions or thoughts and feelings. Personification can be divided into three types.

(1) personify inanimate objects. For example:

Wrinkle walks up to a person and says to him, "If you laugh, I will stay on your lips.". If you cry, I will lie next to you. "

The man had a brainwave and decided to outwit the wrinkles: "I don't laugh or cry, see what you do."

"However, he still can't help thinking." Wrinkles want to.

As a result, when he was thinking, wrinkles climbed up his forehead and then appeared next to his eyes and corners of his mouth. Because when he was thinking, he cried and laughed.

Wrinkles are inanimate. Here, inanimate objects are personified and wrinkles are endowed with human emotional actions. They can talk and think like people.

(2) personify the living things. For example:

Pink begonia, with a happy smile. (Xie Bingying's "Love Night Pavilion")

The hounds chased the antelope. "You'll never catch up with me." Said the antelope. "Why?" Asked the hound.

The antelope replied, "I run to survive;" You are running just to please your master. "

Hunting dogs and antelopes are creatures. Here, creatures are personified, making them speak like people.

(3) personify abstract concepts. For example:

Once upon a time, there lived a happy life. Once, he suddenly wanted to bend down to see if his joy was still there, but as soon as he bent down, his joy was gone. So he traveled all over the mountains and valleys, forests and fields, looking for his own happiness. He has seen many other people's joys, but he can't see his own. He bent down and looked everywhere, but he still couldn't find the lost joy. At this time, he straightened up and said to himself, "If you don't look for it, you will lose it. What can you do? Do you want to bend over and walk all your life? " But strangely, when he kept getting up, he only heard "I'm back!" " "Joy coming towards him.

"Joy" is an abstract concept. The author personifies it and makes it say "I'm back" like a human being.

The above classification is for the convenience of explanation. In speech activities, the types of personification are often comprehensive. If there is a short poem:

The breeze makes a gentle call,

Kiss its naughty broken ripples; -personify "breeze"

Clouds and purple light are shining in the west,

The kiss of the sunset makes me blush; -personify "Xia Yun"

The flames crackled through the trunk,

Kiss another flame painfully; -personify "flame"

Willow, soft branches and low bends,

Kiss back the river of passion. -personification of "willow"

2. Simulator

The so-called imitation of things or materialization of people means writing people as crops or writing this thing as another thing. It also has three types.

(1) treat people as crops. For example:

Heartstrings, kisses, sister A, sister B, my love, dead, hot, gentle ... upset, wrote one article after another, wrote one book after another.

Write more, um, sad, depressed, boring ... another big book.

However, I finally felt a little monotonous and called names.

A can't accept it, and B used to be fine, but now it's hopelessly degenerate; Look at C. I hate talking about him. What is he? ..... this and that, together, is a big book. (Liu Bannong, "Tell the truth")

"A, B and C" originally refers to the characters created in love works. The "c" and "what is he" here are to write people as crops, that is, objectification.

(2) treat this thing as another thing. For example:

Anyway, bury this contradictory poem under the ridge. It may not be in your autumn, but it will surely take root and sprout next spring ... (Guo Xiaochuan's Autumn in Tuanbowa)

(2) The old branch secretary gave a straightforward task: "Let you take a group of people to Heilongtan to divert water".

Compare "poetry" to a plant that can take root and sprout. Taking "the water in the Black Dragon Pool" as a guide for livestock is to compare the first thing with the second.

(3) treat abstract concepts as concrete things. For example:

I cherish time the most. I am willing to stand on the street corner with a hat in my hand and beg passers-by to throw their unused time in it. (begging for time)

"Time" is an abstract concept. Here, it is written as a tangible thing that can be seen, touched and put into a hat. Another example is a famous saying: "One or two examples are worth a ton of preaching". "Teaching by example" and "preaching" are abstract things. Here, they are written as concrete things, which can be measured by the weight units of "two" and "ton".

imitate

"Sir, do you know what is the sharpest thing in the world?"

I don't know.

"It's your beard."

"Why?"

"Because I find that your skin is thick enough, they can actually explode."

"Breaking the skin" is a new word that imitates "breaking the ground". In speech activities, imitation of existing words and sentences and imitation of new ones are called parody. Parody can make things contradictory and make words sharp and vivid. There are three types of parody: parody, parody and parody.

imitation show

Parody is the temporary generation of new words by imitating existing words. Under the contrast of ready-made words, it temporarily imitates new words by replacing a word or morpheme of a word. There is a dialogue entitled "Vietnamese celebrities":

A: We Vietnamese are very famous in the world. For example, Mr. Sun from the Ministry of Health is really a rare talent in the world.

His name is Sun Shimou, and he is very famous. There are too many Vietnamese, and all departments have them.

A: Why are there so many celebrities named Sun Shimou? Tell me a few.

B: If I'm wrong, please correct me and supplement me. Mr. Sun from the Ministry of Education has dropped out of school, and Mr. Sun from the Propaganda Department is untrue. Mr. Sun from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has broken his promise, Mr. Sun from the Ministry of Internal Affairs has no job, and as for the Ministry of National Defense, Mr. Sun has declined.

In this dialogue, the imitation of "Sun's dereliction of duty" led to "Sun's loss of a post", and the imitation of "Sun's loss of a post" produced one after another new celebrities, such as "Sun's dropout, Sun's dishonesty, Sun's loss of virtue, Sun's unemployment and Sun's failure". Through parody, it satirizes the tragic situation that the Vietnamese authorities are facing serious crisis in politics, economy, diplomacy, education and national defense because of the war of aggression.

Imitation words are mostly accidental (some people regard imitation words as a kind of connection-anti-connection). For example:

Conspiracy-Open Plan Popularization-Niche

News-Old News-Old People-Small Boss

Advanced-backward intellectuals-five Chinese

Women-men dispersed in a hubbub-gathered in a hubbub

Justice-feminism, humanitarianism-veterinary humanitarianism

Rogue-rogue officer at a loss-half-raise.

These words are incidental words in speech activities, and their appearance and existence are closely related to the specific rhetorical purpose and the speaker's personal speech skills. Their most prominent feature is "contingency". Some incidental words are highly dependent on the specific language environment, divorced from the specific context or context, and are often not understood by people and accepted by society. For example, "the eldest and the youngest" exist by the opposition of "the eldest and the youngest". Without the opposition of "the oldest and the youngest", "the oldest and the youngest" will not be understood and accepted by people.

Occasional words are used more and more frequently in verbal communication, and some incidental words can be used alone without confrontation.

Imitate sentences

Deliberately imitating and imitating ready-made syntactic formats is called parody. For example, the chef's love letter:

The young chef wrote a love letter to his girlfriend: "Dear, I miss you whether cooking soup or cooking! You are as indispensable as monosodium glutamate. Seeing mushrooms reminds me of your round eyes; Seeing pig lungs reminds me of your rosy and soft cheeks; Seeing the goose's feet reminds me of your slender fingers; Seeing mung bean sprouts reminds me of your waist. You are like my apron. I can't live without you. Promise to marry me and I will wait on you like a bear's paw. "

His girlfriend wrote back to him: "I also thought of your eyes like goose feet, eyes like mung bean sprouts, nose like mushrooms, mouth like monosodium glutamate, and body like a female carp." I'm like a fresh bamboo shoot, not ripe yet, and still young to get married! By the way, I don't want a husband like a bear's paw. "

The love letter written by the chef to his girlfriend, compared with cooking terms, expresses his love for his girlfriend, which makes people laugh. Girlfriend imitates the chef's words and gives the chef a clear answer by referring to cooking terms. It's interesting to imitate syntax.

3. Poor imitation

Parody is deliberately imitating the structure and language of ready-made works. Such as Lu Xun's "My Lovelorn":

My love is on the mountainside;

I want to find her. I bow my head and cry when the mountain is high.

My lover gave me a hundred butterfly towels;

Give her back what: an owl.

From then on, you turned your back on me, and somehow I was scared.

My love is in the city;

People who want to find her are crowded and can't cry when they look up.

My lover gave me a map of Shuangyan;

Give her what: sugar-coated haws.

From then on, he turned his back on me and confused me inexplicably.

My love is by the river;

I want to find her in the depths of the river, tears can't touch my eyes.

My lover gave me a gold watch;

Give her back what: antiperspirant.

From then on, he turned his back on me and made me nervous for no reason.

My love is good at home;

I want to find her. I don't have a car. I can't shake my head and cry.

My lover sent me roses;

Give her back what: practice the snake in red.

After that, you ignored me, and I don't know why-let her go.

For this poem, Hu Yinqiang said in Lu Xun: Testifying for Love-Unlocking the Century Mystery of Weeds: There are two possibilities for my lovelorn creation. One is to satirize the lovelorn poem "Oh, hey, I'm dying", which was popular in the literary world at that time, to warn the young people at that time not to be blinded by little love. It was not until Lu Xun finally sorted out the manuscript of the poem that he was unconsciously surprised to find that it had infiltrated some of his emotional feelings about Xu Guangping, so Lu Xun included my lovelorn in Weeds to eliminate his feelings of hesitation, depression and anxiety. Second, according to Lu Xun's explanation, it is to satirize the lovelorn poems that prevailed at that time. This may be a cover-up, or it may be a little commotion or ridicule when the love between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping is anxious and hesitant.

For the four things given to lovers in the article, readers thought that they were just talking nonsense for the exaggerated effect of limerick, but they didn't expect that owls were Lu Xun's favorite, and he often used the related images of eagles as his pen names. Sugar gourd is Lu Xun's favorite food, antiperspirant is commonly used when Lu Xun is ill, and practicing red snake is Lu Xun's favorite.

Look at the specific situation at that time: the person you are looking for is only halfway up the mountain, not at the top of the mountain, and you can get there if you want to go. In the downtown area, it is still possible to meet. By the river, the river is deep enough for boating. Is it necessary for the Hao family not to walk by car? But why is it still so hard to see? This is a metaphor for the suffering in the love between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping: the poet wants to meet and chat with his beloved person alone, but they are teachers and students. Although you can see them in class or between classes, it is really difficult to get along alone. For lovers in love, secret love is a very painful thing. But the social environment at that time did not allow them to fall in love.

Lu Xun said in Farewell Shadow: "You still want my gift. What can I offer you? Without yourself, it is still dark and void. " The person you love gives you a beautiful gift, which represents her sincere and clear love, while the poet feels ashamed and only gives the other person what he likes to show his heart. However, this does not mean that the poet has awakened to this power of love, but under the oppression of reality and life, he sighed, "Leave her alone."

This poem by Mr. Lu Xun was written in imitation of Zhang Heng's Four Sorrow Poems, not an article. The original text of four sad poems is:

My thoughts are on Mount Tai,

It's hard to understand Fu Liang. I looked away and cried.

The beauty gave me Jin Cuodao, so why should I report to Qiong Yao in England?

It's a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, so why worry and worry?

I think in Guilin,

If you want to go to the depths of Hunan, watch the south cry.

Beauty gives me a piano and a post. Why should I give you a pair of jade plates?

It's a long way to Xiu Yuan, so don't lean on melancholy. What are your worries and troubles?

I think in Hanyang,

If you want to go from Longnan to Hanban, you will look askance and cry.

Beauty gives me mink, how can I quote the bright moon pearl?

It's a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, so don't worry.

My thoughts are in the wild goose gate,

If you want to follow the snow, look at the towel sideways.

The beautiful woman gave me a brilliant joke, so why should I report the sapphire case?

It's a long way to go in Xiu Yuan, so we can't rely on it and sigh. What do you mean by worry and worry?

In addition, Mr. Lu Xun once imitated the Yellow Crane Tower in Cui Hao and wrote such a poem:

The rich all rely on culture. There is no cultural city here.

Culture is gone forever, and the thousand-year-old city is deserted.

The original poem of Cui Hao's Yellow Crane Tower is:

The fairy of the past has flown away by the yellow crane, leaving only an empty Yellow Crane Tower.

The yellow crane never revisited earth, there have been no long white clouds for thousands of years.

remove doubts and misgivings

1. Comparison and metaphor

Analogy and metaphor are based on "comparison", and they are closely related. But the difference between analogy and metaphor is obvious: (1) analogy focuses on "imitation", that is, writing thing A as thing B, while metaphor focuses on "metaphor", that is, using thing B to "metaphor" a thing and vividly explain a thing and a truth. A and B are two things, a master and a slave. (2) metaphor reflects the similar relationship between things. No matter what kind of metaphor, there must be transportation. Analogy reflects the blending relationship between things. There is never imitation in analogy, but only ontology, such as "the reef becomes like this, which is called spray bite". In this analogy, ontology is spray, and bite is to write inanimate objects into living things, which means people or other animals, and does not need to appear in analogy.

2. Analogy and parody

Analogy and parody both have elements of imitation, while analogy refers to writing things as adults, people as crops, things as objects, or abstract concepts as concrete things, while parody focuses on imitating ready-made words, languages, sentences and articles to imitate new words, languages, sentences and articles.