Russians seem to think that the love between men and women is romantic and belongs to the "private life" between bedroom and bed; Unfortunately, Russia is as romantic as France, and it is understandable that even the "top leaders" in power will play with women. In fact, Russians still pay attention to tradition and etiquette. Otherwise, the famous "Tsar"-Catherine II, why didn't he have sex after eight years of marriage? She is still a precious virgin.
Russians seem to think that the love between men and women is romantic and belongs to the "private life" between bedroom and bed; Unfortunately, Russia is as romantic as France, and it is understandable that even the "top leaders" in power will play with women. In fact, Russians still pay attention to tradition and etiquette. Otherwise, the famous "Tsar"-Catherine II, why didn't he have sex after eight years of marriage? She is still a precious virgin. Translated into Russian and published in Novikov's satirical magazine Gossip Man, July issue 1770, entitled "China Khan Yong Zhengdi's Will to His Son". Two years later, in A.D. 1772, Leonid edited and published his Chinese translation collection China Thought, and included Children's Wills again, thus making this article spread and widely known.
Yong Zhengdi's original text is called "Yongzheng Testament". See Records of Sejong in Qing Dynasty 159, pp. 20-24. This is Yong Zhengdi's wish for his successor Gan Long and others. This is 1735, the twelfth year of Yongzheng.
So, what do Russians like about it? It turned out that Yongzheng said to his son, the later emperor Qianlong, "Work hard, and then work hard", hoping that the future emperor Qianlong would "be diligent in seeking treatment, save his strength and save money", make a lot of money and enjoy millions of folk music. It should be said that this was also the highest ideal of the Russians at that time.
At that time, Russian Tsar yekaterina was in power. At the beginning of her accession to the throne, the female czar accepted the guidance of "Enlightenment Thought", flaunted the system of "enlightened monarch", advocated the freedom of literary creation, edited and published magazines and wrote in person, which set off a strong enlightenment trend in Russian society. The guidance of "Enlightenment Thought" and the system of "enlightened monarch" that yekaterina should accept refer to the Qing Dynasty in China and Yong Zhengdi in the Qing Dynasty.
Novikov, editor-in-chief of Novikov magazine, is a representative writer of the Enlightenment. He publicized the will of Yongzheng as the principle of "monarch" to the princes. In their view, Yongzheng's words are of course the code of conduct of the ideal monarch. Therefore, these propagandists deeply infected the Russian czar.
However, the Russian reality is far from the announcement of Tsar yekaterina. In order to show off his "good governance", yekaterina even wrote to Voltaire, saying that Russian farmers can raise chickens at will. The reality is that farmers are going bankrupt and dying in large numbers.
The purpose of Norkov satirical magazine is to expose the specific social ugliness in satirical works and make ruthless attacks. But there is no irony in Yongzheng's testamentary edict. Instead, it was the justice of the monarch, who described it this way: "rape, eliminate violence, punish greed and evil, stop vulgarity and restrain officials." Obviously, Yong Zhengdi is the ideal monarch in the eyes of Russians.
In addition, Russians believe that the Qing Dynasty under Yong Zhengdi was the most ideal country. This can be seen from the layout of the magazine. This is Yong Zhengdi's words, posted on the head of the magazine, showing an ideal social picture. At the end of the magazine, an inspiring writer Feng Weixin's doggerel Gossip Man was published, which satirized the reality of Russian society and pointed out: "In Russia, everyone is cheating, priests are cheating ordinary people, servants are cheating their masters, and big noble always wants to cheat the emperor. Grab it, grab it, grab it. " This is a unique irony in the arrangement, which shows readers that, relatively speaking, the most ideal country today is not in Russia, but in the Qing Dynasty in the East. This shows that in the eyes of Russians, the Qing Empire under Yong Zhengdi was also an ideal society.
/kloc-In the 8th century, the Russians not only noticed the Qing Dynasty, but also challenged the disadvantages of the czar's autocracy with Yong Zhengdi's articles. After all, this is a meaningful scene in the history of Sino-Russian cultural exchange.
At that time, the mission of Russian Orthodox missionaries in China was not to preach, but to understand and inspect the Qing Dynasty from many aspects, especially the imperial court and government. However, it is worth mentioning the Russian translation of Yongzheng's testamentary edict.
The legacy of Yong Zhengdi's biography can be circulated in Russia, which is mainly due to the knowledge of Russian translation scholars and the accuracy of Russian translation, in addition to his reputation of governing the country well. It is not accidental that Russian translator Alexei leontief can choose wills from many literary books for translation and introduction, but based on his extensive knowledge of China. He was born in the home of a church worker in Moscow. He entered a China school on 1738. I studied for three years and worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for one year. 1742 came to China as an orthodox student in Beijing, lived in Beijing 12 years, 1755 returned to China. He was immediately sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and scientists to translate and teach Chinese and Manchu. Until his death, he worked full-time for nearly 50 years, even if it was only at 1750.
During his stay in China, Alexei Leont worked as a translator of Chinese and Manchu in San Francisco College of Qing government, and taught in Russian schools. His time in Beijing happened to be during the Qianlong period shortly after Yong Zhengdi's death, so he had a deep understanding of Emperor China, which made him make a clear choice about his translated works. Judging from the actual effect, besides Yong Zhengdi's testamentary edict, he also has a large number of translated manuscripts, covering China's historical geography, Sino-Russian relations, political system and criminal law, philosophy and ethics, imperial edicts and so on. From 177 1 to 1786, 2 1 versions were released. /kloc-in the 8th century, Russian published 120 books and papers about China, and his translation accounted for one fifth. Besides, many of them are translating in Europe for the first time.
Speaking of it, Leont's Russian translation is the most faithful and fluent. The transliteration of names in Russian translation shows that some names are obviously translated from Manchu, not Chinese. Imperial edicts of the Qing Dynasty were usually published in Manchu and Chinese. The biggest change is that he divided the imperial edict into several paragraphs according to the acceptance habits of European readers, and added a title at the beginning of each paragraph to make the meaning of each paragraph more clear. Add "God bless the great!" At the beginning of the imperial edict, the words "Prince and Minister" were added to this letter, and some people pointed to the future heir of Emperor Qianlong and said, "Li Hong, now I want to say a few words to you".
Of course, it is easier for Russian readers to understand by adding one or two similar comments between the translated sentences, which also shows that the translator has a certain understanding and research on the relationship between emperors and princes in Qing Dynasty. For example, Li Hong, the fourth son of Huang Bao, is kind and filial by nature, and his grandchildren love Emperor Gao and the Holy Father the most. He raised the palace and gave more kindness than usual. He obviously wants Li Hong to be the real heir to my throne. "
For another example, in the original testamentary edict, Gan Long was "as close as Prince Hongzhou, solitary, especially sincere and friendly", and the Russian translation added: "Li Hong! Don't forget your little brother to celebrate this day.
Of course, it is also possible that the full text is the original text, not Chinese. In any case, it is always a witness to the translator's foreign language level and knowledge of national conditions, which shows that since the official communication between China and Russia began in Kangxi year, document translation has improved to a considerable level, and the earliest Russian sinologists and Manchu scholars have grown up. Thanks to the efforts of these Russian sinologists and Manchu scholars, the Russian czar learned about China and China.
Question 1: Material 3? Mate