Hugo 1802 was born in Besancon in the south of France. My grandfather was a carpenter and my father was an American army officer. He was once killed by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph of Spain. Bonaparte was awarded the rank of general and was trusted by the king.
Hugo is very talented and smart. At the age of 9, he began to write poems. Go back to Paris to study at the age of 65,438+00. After graduating from high school, he entered law school, but his interest was writing. /kloc-when he was 0/5 years old, he wrote Reading Music at the French Academy, which was rewarded by the French Academy. 17 years old, won the first prize of "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition". At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems, Poetry and Fu. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a pacifist. He also wrote many poems, plays and plays. He created a large number of novels with distinctive features and practiced his thoughts.
1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.
From 65438 to 0830, Hugo's play Onani was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature.
Onani tells the story of a robber from Spain, Onani, who rebelled against the king in the16th century. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and aristocratic temperament, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.
1830 In July, the "July Revolution" occurred in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, the revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 183 1, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She dances beautifully.
At this time, the vice bishop of Notre Dame de Paris Claude? Frollo suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada, and he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, ugly quasimodo, to take Esmeralda away. As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and whipped him. The kind gypsy girl gave quasimodo water instead of revenge.
The bell ringer is ugly in appearance, but pure and noble in heart. He was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo followed them quietly. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away. Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo took Esmeralda from the gallows and hid him in Notre Dame. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten gypsy girls to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo out of the church and died. He hugged Esmeralda's body and died.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the "July Revolution", France established the financier Louis? The July dynasty was ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by Philip. The July dynasty kept wooing Hugo, and Hugo was elected to the French Academy on 184 1, and on 1845, Louis? Philip made him a French aristocrat and became a member of the House of Lords. Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in creation has weakened. 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "garrison officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 10 years without writing.
1848 In June, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the Republic, Hugo became a staunch pacifist. 185 1 year 65438+ February, Louis? Bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and party member. Louis? After Bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established. He pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.
During his exile, Hugo persisted in his struggle with Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. He wrote political satirical pamphlets and poems and lashed out at Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. During this period, he published the novels Les Miserables, Marine Laborers and Smiling Man.
Les Miserables is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: Jean Valjean, a poor worker from a peasant background, once saw his sister's child crying with hunger and went to steal bread. Unfortunately, he was caught and sentenced to five years in prison. He escaped from prison many times, was arrested and sentenced to 14 years in prison. As a result, he spent 19 years in prison for a piece of bread. After he got out of prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon everywhere, with no job and no food. He vowed to take revenge on society. At this time, a bishop named milian influenced him, and he was determined to do good deeds and be a good person.
He changed his name to Madeleine, set up a factory in a city and became a rich man. He provides jobs for the poor and gives them food and houses. He was always ready to help others and was elected mayor by the citizens. At this time, a girl named Shan Ting came to the city. She is a rural girl who went to work in the city and was cheated into giving birth to a daughter. She put her daughter Cosette in foster care with the owner of a hotel. The boss is a villain and took the opportunity to blackmail her. Mountain was forced to sell her beautiful hair and teeth and become a prostitute. Finally, she was poor and ill. When Jean Valjean heard this, he immediately took care of her and promised to raise his daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, the police Javert was chasing Jean Valjean, a convict who had been missing for many years. In Madeleine, he arrested a poor worker, thinking that he was Jean Valjean, and was going to send him to prison. In order to save innocent workers, Jean Valjean stepped forward and voluntarily admitted his identity. He fell into the hands of the police again. On the way to the prison, he managed to escape.
Jean Valjean immediately found Cosette and hid her in a secluded monastery. Over the years, Cosette has grown into a beautiful girl who fell in love with Marius, a Republican. 1832, an uprising led by the party broke out in Paris and was brutally suppressed by the July dynasty. Marius was seriously injured, and Jean Valjean risked his life to save him from the sewer. At this time, Javert sneaked into the rebel army for reconnaissance, was caught and sentenced to death. Jean Valjean executed the order and shot Javert, but Jean Valjean let Javert go. Javert was ashamed of Jean Valjean's noble personality and committed suicide by throwing himself into the river.
Cosette married Marius, and the young man was very happy. Jean Valjean left a lonely life, and finally he died in Cosette's arms.
Les Miserables exposes the sharp contradiction and disparity between the rich and the poor in capitalist society, describes the painful fate of the lower class, and puts forward three problems that need to be solved urgently in society at that time: "Poverty makes men poor, hunger makes women degenerate, and darkness makes children weak", and lashes out at the hypocrisy of bourgeois laws. It fully reflects the social and political life of France in the first half of the19th century. Therefore, the novel is welcomed by people all over the world. In the 20th century, it was adapted into a film for many times, which also attracted countless audiences.
1870 When the Franco-Prussian War broke out, after France was defeated in Sedan, the Prussian army pushed Paris. At the critical moment of national peril, Hugo returned to the motherland after 19 years in exile. He made speeches everywhere, calling on the French people to rise up against the German aggressors and defend the motherland. He also bought two cannons with the reward of his work and reading poems, which showed his lofty patriotism.
When the Paris Commune revolted, Hugo didn't understand the revolution. However, when the commune failed and the reactionary government frantically suppressed the commune members, Hugo angrily condemned the cruelty of the reactionaries. He called for the pardon of all commune members and announced in the newspaper that his residence in Brussels, Belgium would be used as a refuge for exiled members. To this end, his home was attacked by reactionary thugs, and he almost died, but he still held his ground.
Hugo died in 1885. The French people held a state funeral for this great poet. His body was buried in the pantheon built for the burial of great men.
The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 190 1 year, but Hugo died in 1885, so despite his high literary achievements, he still missed the Nobel Prize.
well-known saying
The widest ocean in the world, the sky wider than the ocean, and the human mind wider than the sky.
The future will belong to two kinds of people: those who think and those who work. In fact, these two kinds of people are the same kind of people, because thinking is also labor.
On top of the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism.
People's wisdom holds three keys, one is to open numbers, the other is to open letters and the other is to open notes. Knowledge, thoughts and fantasies are all in it.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not strength.
Boldness is the price of progress.
You should believe that you are a strong person in life.
The road to art is full of thorns, which is also a good thing. Ordinary people are timid, except those who are strong-willed
Whoever wastes his life, his youth will fade, and life will abandon them.
Laughter, like sunshine, drives away the winter on people's faces.
It is better to refuse frankly than to agree reluctantly.
It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is also the human heart that creates boundless darkness.
Books are tools to cultivate the mind.
People can only live by material things; One must have ideals to talk about life.
Where the steps cannot be reached, the eyes can reach them; Where the eyes cannot reach, the spirit can fly.
One more school can save a prison.
Life is a smile.
Man has two ears, one hears the voice of God and the other hears the voice of the devil.
I would rather rely on my own strength to explore the future than seek the favor of the powerful.
The first hunger of mankind is ignorance.
Chronicle of events
1802 was born in Besancon, eastern France, on February 26th.
18 19 co-founded the conservative literary biweekly with the romantic poet Winnie the Pooh and others. Publish the first poem in a journal.
1822 compiled the first collection of poems, poems and miscellaneous poems. Marry Edna at St. Supes Cathedral.
1825 was awarded the medal of honor to attend the coronation ceremony of Charles X.
1827 published Cromwell and the famous romantic manifesto, and became the leader of the romantic movement.
183 1 year completed the romantic literary masterpiece and novel Notre Dame de Paris (that is, the hunchback of Notre Dame de Paris).
184 1 was elected to the French Academy in and publicly expressed his support for constitutional monarchy.
1843, the script Les Burgraves failed, and his daughter Leo Paulding died unexpectedly, so he stopped his new work and turned to politics.
/kloc-became a nobleman in 0/845 and was named Count Hugo.
1848 set up a major event magazine.
He was arrested and imprisoned on 1850, and Hugo fled Paris under the pseudonym of Wen Lan.
185 1 year, louis bonaparte launched a coup to declare monarchy, and Hugo was forced into exile.
1853 published a collection of poems full of ironic political meanings.
1862, he published the immortal social novel Les Miserables.
Hugo's wife Edna died in 1868.
1870, the third government was established, ending 19 years of exile and returning to Paris.
187 1 was elected as a representative of the national assembly.
Hugo 1876 was elected senator.
1883, the third volume of the century legend is completed.
1May 22, 885, died in Paris. /kloc-in June, 2000, Hugo's coffin was placed under the Arc de Triomphe for all the people to see and buried in the Great Man Cemetery in Paris.
Main work
1827: Cromwell (script)
1829: Oriental (Poetry)
1830: El Nani (script)
183 1: hunchback of notre dame (Notre Dame) (novel)
1838: Ruybras (script)
1853: Poetry
1856: Meditation (Poetry)
1862: Les Miserables (novel)
1869: men's quick words (novel)
1859-1883: The Legend of Siecles (Poetry)
1874: quart-Wingate-Treize (novel)
Hugo (1802 ~ 1885) is a French writer. 1802 was born in Besancon, eastern France, on February 26th. His father was a general under Napoleon. Hugo followed his father to March to Italy, Spain and other coastal areas famous for their beautiful scenery when he was a child. 1 1 years old, he returned to Paris with his mother and two brothers and lived in an ancient monastery. Hugo's mother believes in the old religion and supports the royal family, which is completely opposite to her husband in politics. Hugo sympathized with royalists when he was young, which reflected the influence of his mother's conservative position on him. Hugo loved literature since childhood and worshipped chateaubriand, an early French romantic writer.
18 19, Hugo and his eldest brother * * * founded the conservative literary biweekly, which published 32 issues, most of which were written by Hugo. 1822, he published Poems in praise of the dynasty and Catholicism, and was awarded an annuity by King Louis Stanislas Xavier. 1823, his first novel, The Devil in Iceland, came out. According to Hugo, the plot of this novel is fictional, and only the love of a young couple is a true portrayal, because the marriage between Hugo and Miss Fu Xie almost broke down because of his mother's opposition. Xin Yong was published in 1824, and Shi Fu Long song was published in 1826. These two poems have made new breakthroughs in content and form. 1826 published the novel "Bug Jarga", which describes the black riots led by Bug Jarga in the French colony of Saint dominguez at the end of 18. The book describes the black riots as cruel and brutal, and beautifies the white officers at the same time, which shows that the author has some distortions about the nature of this historical event.
At first, Hugo was not interested in the emerging romantic literary trend of thought, and even refused to admit that there was a difference between classicism and romanticism in the literary world at that time. Later, he admitted that there were differences in the preface of the new national anthem, but called on both sides to work together as mediators. It was not until 1826 that romanticism was explicitly supported. At the same time, he also began to shift from a royalist position to a bourgeois liberal position politically.
1827, Hugo published the poetic script Cromwell (17 century Cromwell was a British revolutionary) and the preface of Cromwell. The script could not be performed because it did not meet the requirements of stage art, but the preface became an important declaration of the romantic movement at that time, and Hugo himself was recognized as the leader of the romantic movement. The Preface lashed out at classical disciplines from the perspective of drama, demanding to expand the scope of artistic expression, emphasizing that everything in nature can be an artistic theme, and put forward the principle of contrast, arguing that everything in nature is expressed through the contrast of two different elements, and the task of art is to reproduce this contrast. The classicists, on the other hand, violated the laws of nature and only described the "noble and elegant" side, ignoring the "ugly and rude" side. The preface also puts forward the problem of artistic choice, arguing that art is a concentrated and strong expression of nature, but it is not what it wants to express itself; The truth of art should be a kind of truth higher than reality. In order to do this, the artist must make a choice; It is better to choose a distinctive one than to choose a "good-looking" one. The preface puts forward some problems such as describing local colors, rhyming style is better than prose style, and absorbing common language. The preface also puts forward the viewpoint that Christianity promotes mankind to enter a new stage of development, and the principle of artistic contrast is put forward according to the basic viewpoint that good and evil are two elements that constitute human nature. The preface strongly reflects 1830 the democratic demands of the emerging bourgeoisie on the eve of the French Revolution, marks an open break between romanticism and classicism, and has a great influence on the liberation and development of literature and art at that time.
1829 published Ode to the Orient, which expressed Hugo's sympathy for the Greek people's struggle for independence in the 1920s. In addition to praising the theme of the Greek War of Independence, the poems also describe the customs of Mediterranean countries, but some poems have nothing to do with the so-called oriental theme. The achievements of poetry anthology in language, phonology and description skills show that Hugo is already a romantic poet with an independent style. In the same year, the novella The End of Death row was published, calling for the abolition of the death penalty, which was the earliest expression of Hugo's abstract humanitarian thought. 1February 25th, 830, this performance is called Ernane, which is an epoch-making work in the history of French literature. The script tells the story of an anti-feudal tyrant who rebelled against the king when a robber from a noble background in Spain avenged his father in the16th century. Carol in the King's Hall was first a feudal tyrant and later an enlightened emperor. Ernane, the robber, was at odds with the king, but later compromised with the king and thanked him. The contradiction between them was solved through chivalry and feudal honor concept. Although this solution is not thorough, the script still reflects the young generation's dissatisfaction with the Restoration Dynasty and their urgent desire for social change on the eve of the July Revolution, so the performance of the script is warmly welcomed by the public. At the same time, in the form of drama, Hugo deviated from the routine of classical drama and adopted a large number of romantic drama techniques, such as camouflage, secret room, poison, sword and so on. To strengthen the stage effect, which is one of the important reasons for the success of the script. El Nani embodies the central idea that art must be liberated in Cromwell's preface, both in content and form.