As early as 1868, at the beginning of Meiji Emperor Mu Ren's accession to the throne, he issued an imperial edict, declaring that he would "open up Wan Li waves and declare his national prestige in all directions" with the aim of expanding overseas. 1868 After the Meiji Restoration, China and Japan signed the first modern treaty, the Sino-Japanese Reconciliation Treaty. The first paragraph says: "Later, the Great Qing Dynasty became friends with Japan, and it was boundless. That is, the States and territories to which the two countries belong should also be treated with courtesy, and permanent security cannot be obtained with a slight violation. " This is an equal treaty. However, while the treaty was waiting for ratification, the Ryukyu boat people were killed. 187 1, 65438+ In February, Ryukyu boat people drifted to Taiwan Province Province because of the wind, among them, 54 people were killed by the aborigines of Taiwan Province Province, and the rest were escorted back to China by the Qing government. At that time, Ryukyu was a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, and there was no objection to this. The incident subsided and the Japanese government did not know. The following year, the Japanese emissary went to China to change the contract and read about it in the Mansion Newspaper of the Qing government. So, while reporting to China, he made representations to the Prime Minister's yamen to test the Qing government's attitude towards Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province. The Prime Minister's yamen replied: "The two islands (Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province) belong to the soil, and the people who belong to the soil kill each other. The ruling is mine. Why bother to ask questions about your country? " This statement was originally very good, but it was added to the superfluous words: "The killers are all unfamiliar, so it is appropriate to release them outside, and there is no cure until they are finished." This made the Japanese seize a handle and make a big fuss about the word "externalization", saying that the aborigines in Taiwan Province Province did not live in China territory, and used this as an excuse to attack Taiwan Province Province. 1874 65438+ 10, the Japanese army landed in Langya, Taiwan Province Province, and began to attack Taiwan Province Province. For Japan, this action was quite risky, not only because of the disparity in national strength between China and Japan at that time, but also because international public opinion did not support it. By the end of the war in August, the number of Japanese troops had increased to 3600, but the attack was still unfavorable and morale was low. At this time, the Japanese saw that the odds were too small, so they sent a special envoy to Beijing to try to end the war with dignity. After the Japanese minister came to China in September, he first bluffed, then expressed his "sincerity" to end the war, saying that Japan had spent a lot of money to send troops to Taiwan Province Province, and China could not let the Japanese army return empty-handed. He should pay for some soldiers, and then Japan will withdraw its troops, so that both sides will be passed. The Qing government felt that it was in an advantage in the war and it was unreasonable to end the war by losing money, but it didn't want to spend too much energy on making a fuss and wanted to make peace, which meant that it could consider "compensation" for the "victims" in Taiwan Province Province as appropriate, which was equivalent to acknowledging the principle of compensation. In the Beijing Special Agreement signed on June 365438 +3654381October +0, the killing of Ryukyu people was written as "Japanese nationals were killed", Japan's attack on Taiwan Province Province was written as "a righteous act to protect the people", and China compensated 502,000 silver in the name of "pension". The Beijing Special Treaty provided a basis for Japan to annex Ryukyu. 1In April of 879, Japan occupied Ryukyu and changed its name to Okinawa Prefecture. After fiddling with Taiwan Province Province, I began to fiddle with North Korea. At that time, Korea was still under the control of the closed feudal dynasty, with backward productivity and crumbling domestic political situation, which was supported by the Qing Dynasty for a while. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan began to strengthen its influence in North Korea, and strived to make North Korea break away from the control of the Qing government and become an "independent country" through diplomatic means. Diplomatic efforts were not very successful because there was not enough power to support them. 1882, there was a "Renwu mutiny" in North Korea, and Japan took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea, forcing the North Korean government to allow Japanese troops to station in North Korea. 1884, while China was busy with the Sino-French war, Zhu Tian, the Japanese ambassador to North Korea, instigated the pro-Japanese "Hua Kai Party" coup and overthrew the conservative regime overnight on 12. The next day, the king issued an imperial edict to reform politics and established the Hua Kai Party Government. Conservatives hurriedly requested support from the South China army, so Yuan Shikai led 2,000 troops to denounce the disorderly party in the name of protecting the North Korean government and broke into the palace on February 6, 65438. Bamboo Tim was outnumbered, set himself on fire at the embassy and fled overnight. The prime minister, ministers and more than 30 Japanese of Huakai Party were killed in the riots. The Japanese government immediately sent a foreign minister to lead a large number of troops into the DPRK, and the Qing government also sent imperial envoys to take troops and warships to the DPRK. In the confrontation, Japan felt that its military preparation was insufficient, so it did not take military action and turned to diplomatic means. At that time, many people in Japan advocated using the Sino-French war to launch a war against China quickly. However, the faction headed by Ito Bowen, considering Japan's national strength, especially the lack of military strength, advocates "saving money quickly, building more railways, catching up with the navy" and accumulating strength. Ito bowen

1In the spring of 885, Japan sent Hirofumi Ito as the plenipotentiary ambassador to China to negotiate the North Korean issue. During the negotiation, Ito often threatened to return to China. Later, Li Hongzhang was furious: "China didn't do anything wrong in North Korea, and the mistakes were all in Zhu Tian; If you break up like this, I'm only going to fight! " Nevertheless, in the Tianjin Treaty signed after many days of entanglement, Japan gained the right to send troops to North Korea. After the signing of the treaty, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai to take charge of North Korea affairs and tightened its control over North Korea. Japan, on the other hand, has strengthened its economic penetration, stepped up its military expansion and prepared for war, waiting for an opportunity. In the next nine years, it was calm on the surface, but the situation was quietly changing ... Japan has been paying attention to China. 1880, Yamagata Aritomo, the Japanese chief of staff, submitted an investigation report on China's army to Emperor Meiji, pointing out that the Qing government was reforming its military system. If we follow the example of Europe, it can recruit 4.25 million soldiers in peacetime and 8.5 million soldiers in wartime. Therefore, he believes that "the stronger the soldiers in neighboring countries, the more indispensable the soldiers in this country." After 1890, Japan used 60% of the national fiscal revenue to develop its navy and army. Starting from 1893, Emperor Meiji decided to allocate 300,000 yuan from his own court funds every year, and then draw one-tenth of the salary of Wenwu Baiguan to supplement the shipbuilding expenses. The morale of the whole country is high, aiming to catch up with and surpass China, and preparing to fight a war of "gambling on national luck". 1890, there were 7 Beiyang navy warships with a capacity of over 2,000 tons, totaling over 27,000 tons; The Japanese navy has only five warships of more than 2,000 tons, totaling17,000 tons. 1892, Japan completed its ten-year expansion plan from 1885 ahead of schedule. On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, Japan had established an army with 63,000 standing soldiers and 230,000 reserve soldiers, and a navy with a displacement of 72,000 tons, surpassing the Beiyang Navy. During this period, the Qing government saw that after decades of Westernization Movement, in a series of military confrontations, unlike during the Opium War, foreigners' gunboats could not cope at all and were inevitably on cloud nine. In the process of dealing with western countries, I realized that westerners have no intention of annexing countries, but just want to take advantage of trade, so I relaxed my arms consciousness even more. Although some actions of Japan, an eastern neighbor, in recent years make people vaguely feel that it will be a trouble in the future. Beiyang Navy has not added any ships since it was formally established in 1888, and its age is gradually aging. Compared with the newly added warships in Japan, the firepower is weak and the action is slow. After 189 1, even guns and ammunition were not bought. This is not because the arms industry is localized-the money was used by Cixi to repair the Summer Palace. Empress Dowager Cixi said: "Guangxu 1875 was young when he ascended the throne, and he had to listen to politics. From 1886 to "training politics", 1889 to "returning to politics". I don't ask anything, can't I repair the garden for the old man? " Compared with Emperor Meiji, Cixi is in sharp contrast! 1in the spring of 894, the peasant uprising of the East Learning Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. At the same time, the Japanese government also induced the Qing government to send troops to create an excuse for sending troops to North Korea. After receiving the request from the North Korean government, the Qing government sent Ye Zhichao, governor of Zhili, and Nie Shicheng, commander-in-chief of Taiyuan Town, to North Korea in batches according to the Sino-Japanese Tianjin Treaty 1885, and sent a telegram to Wang Fengzao, ambassador to Japan, to inform the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. At that time, the Japanese cabinet, seeing the plot succeed, sent troops into the DPRK to occupy various strategic locations near Seoul, and set up a base camp attended by the chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, war chief and naval operations minister as the highest leading organ to direct the war of aggression. Japanese Foreign Minister Luo Ozongguang instructed Keisuke, the ambassador to the DPRK, to "take temporary measures as deemed appropriate" and authorized Keisuke to stir up trouble and launch a war of aggression. When China and Japan sent troops to Korea, the North Korean government had accepted the request put forward by the Eastern Learning Party Uprising Army. The two sides signed an armistice agreement and the Uprising Army withdrew from the whole state. The Korean civil war has actually stopped, and the Qing army has not fought with the Dongxue Party Uprising Army. In order to eliminate the excuse of Japanese invasion, the North Korean government requested China to withdraw its troops on June 13. Ye Zhichao is going to cross the river from Yashan within the scheduled time limit, and the Qing government requires the Japanese army to withdraw at the same time. Although Japan lost the excuse of sending troops to North Korea, it still insisted on expanding the incident and brought about the breakdown of Sino-Japanese relations. It not only refused to withdraw its troops, but continued to send more troops to North Korea, and put forward a so-called plan to jointly "reform" North Korea's internal affairs in order to achieve the dual purpose of keeping the Japanese army in North China and delaying it. On July 12, Lu Ao sent a telegram to Big Bird: "It is necessary to take decisive measures at present", "You might as well start practical action immediately under any excuse". After receiving the instructions, Big Bird made a series of tough demands on 19 and 20, coercing the DPRK government to abolish the Sino-DPRK Trade Treaty and expelling the Korean army from the country. On 23rd, the Japanese army captured the Korean Palace, detained King Li Xi, and set up a puppet government headed by Li Yunying, the grand courtyard monarch. On the 25th, Big Bird ordered Dayuan Army to announce the abolition of all commercial agreements between China and North Korea, and "authorized" the Japanese army to expel the Qing army stationed in Yashan. On the same day, the Japanese launched a surprise attack on China's navy near Akio Toyoda and sank the China troop carrier "Goldman Sachs"; At the same time, the Japanese army launched an attack on China's troops stationed in Yashan, which finally provoked a war of aggression. /kloc-in August (the first day of July), the Chinese and Japanese governments declared war at the same time. The Sino-Japanese War began.

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The whole process of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 includes three stages:

First stage

1894 July 25th to September 17. At this time, within the Qing court, the hawks headed by Emperor Guangxu prevailed. Empress Dowager Cixi was sixty years old at that time. She hopes to end the war as soon as possible so as not to delay her celebration. Therefore, she tends to make peace, but because of the clear discussion, she dare not openly advocate peace. At this stage, the war was carried out on the Korean peninsula and at sea, the land war was mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle was mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea. The battle of Pyongyang took place on September 15, which was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. At that time, there were 35 battalions of the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang, 1.7 million people; There are more than 16,000 Japanese troops attacking Pyongyang, and the two sides are evenly matched. The battle was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the battlefield on the south bank of Datong River. At three o'clock in the morning, the ninth Hunchenglv of the Japanese army, under the command of Major General Yoshimasa Shima, first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of the Datong River. The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu Gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrated its superior forces, including the 10th Brigade (also known as Shuoning Detachment) and the 18th United Wing (also known as Yuanshan Detachment). Gaozhou Town Company Commander Zuo boarded Xuanwu Gate for command. In the fierce battle, Zuo was shot to death, and the officers of his three battalions were eliminated one after another. At 2 pm, Xuanwu Gate was captured by the Japanese army. When the Japanese army advanced into the city, the Qing army struggled to resist and had to retreat to Xuanwu Gate. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. At 7 o'clock in the morning, the Japanese Fifth Division, led by Nozu Taoist Temple, covered the infantry charge with artillery fire from the southwest of Pyongyang, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, Nojin Taoist temple saw that it was difficult to succeed, and ordered to suspend the attack and return to the station. At this point, Ye Zhichao, Chairman (Commander-in-Chief) of Juntong, fearing death, put up a white flag at 4 pm to stop resisting and ordered the whole army to retreat. In six days, the Qing army attacked 500 Li, crossed the Yalu River and returned to China on 2 1. The Japanese army triumphed all the way and occupied the whole territory of Korea. Simple hut plus army part:1In July, 894, the Chinese and Japanese armies started a war in Korea. The Yi Army, headed by Ma Yukun, consists of five battalions (about 265,438+000 people) and is divided into different systems. Together with the Huai Army's Son Army, Fengzi Allied Forces and Son Allied Forces in Fengtian, they formed the 29th Battalion of the four major armies. In August, Yi Jun entered the DPRK ahead of schedule and met Ye Zhichao and Nie Shicheng who returned from Yashan in Pyongyang. The imperial court appointed Ye Zhichao as the president of all troops stationed in Pyongyang. The Japanese army besieged Pyongyang in four ways. The Qing army divided its forces to resist and hit the Japanese 9 th Brigade hard. The commanders of the Japanese middle and right teams, Takeda Xiushan and Nishima Yukiyoshi, tried their best to supervise the war and captured the forts on the left and right wings. However, it was immediately attacked by the Qing army and suffered heavy losses again. In this battle, the Japanese suffered heavy casualties. According to the figures published in the Japanese war history of Meiji in 278, "there were about 140 dead and about 290 injured". Four captains and two second lieutenants were killed. Major General Yoshimasa Shimashima, the brigade commander of the 9th Huncheng Brigade, Nishima Intermediary, the captain of the 2nd1Joint Team, and Shaozuo Nagata, the 3rd captain of the 5th Artillery Corps, were all injured. Although the Qing army was defeated, unfortunately, the Peony Pavilion and Xuanwu Gate in the north of Pyongyang were captured by the Japanese Yuanshan detachment and Shuoning detachment, and the Fengzi army led the left to fight and died. At 9 o'clock that night, Ye Zhichao led his troops to retreat from Pyongyang and ran 500 miles to escape into China. All the way was ambushed and intercepted by the Japanese, and people trampled on each other. More than 2000 people died, more than 500 people were captured and countless people were injured. The Yellow Sea naval battle took place on September 17, which was a major decisive battle between the Chinese and Japanese navies. It happened in the waters near Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of the Yalu River. Beiyang fleet has 10 combat warships, and the Japanese navy has 12 combat warships. After the Afternoon War, beiyang fleet hit Japanese ships Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru hard, but beiyang fleet Zhongzhiyuan was also hit hard (Deng Shichang was in the pipeline). 1September 894 17, the third day after the fall of Pyongyang, the Japanese joint fleet finally provoked a fierce naval battle in the Yellow Sea near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River. The Japanese navy has concentrated 12 warships outside the Datong River, including all its essences, namely, eight main ships and cruisers with a horsepower of more than 5,000, including Yoshino, Takahashi, Akishima, Nobukuro, Matsushima, Chiyoda, Iwashima and Li Qiao. On the morning of September 15, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships arrived in Dalian Bay under the leadership of Ding. 16 in the morning 10, 4,000 people from ten battalions of the Ming army took five troop carriers and headed for Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River. /kloc-at noon on 0/6, the fleet arrived at Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province), and all the troops landed the next morning. 17 at 8 o'clock in the morning, the flagship Dingyuan Hanglongqi began to return. deng shichang

1 1 about, beiyang fleet suddenly found several clusters of black smoke on the southwest sea. Ding boarded the deck and looked out, judging that it was a Japanese fleet. So he immediately ordered the ships to raise artillery and live ammunition and prepare for battle. Yoshino, who was commanded by Tougou Heihachirou, first discovered beiyang fleet, and sent a signal that "more than three enemy ships were found in the northeast". 12: 20, Japanese ships gradually approached beiyang fleet. 12: 50, beiyang fleet's flagship Dingyuan fired first. Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima also began to fight back. At the brake time, the guns of the two ships were in full bloom, the smoke was filled, and the sea was boiling.