Napoleon was crowned emperor on 1804,165438+10.6, which turned the Republic of China into an empire. During his reign, he was called "French Emperor", the second French emperor to enjoy this title since Charles III.
Internally, he suppressed the rebellion of reactionary forces many times, promulgated the Napoleonic Code, improved the world legal system, and laid the social order of western capitalist countries. Five armies led by foreign countries broke the anti-French alliance composed of Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia and other countries, won more than 50 large-scale battles, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system of European countries and defended the achievements of the French Revolution. During his rule in France, he expanded abroad many times and launched the Napoleonic Wars. He became the king of Italy, the protector of the Rhine Federation, the arbitrator of the Swiss Federation and the colonial Lord of the French Empire (including French colonies, Dutch colonies, Spanish colonies, etc.). In the most glorious period, all European countries except Britain surrendered or formed an alliance with Napoleon. It formed a huge Napoleonic empire system and created a series of military and political miracles and short-lived brilliant achievements.
Napoleon 18 14 abdicated and was exiled to the island of Elba. 18 15 After the establishment of the Hundred Days Dynasty, it was defeated by Waterloo again and was exiled. On May 5th, Napoleon died in St Helena. 1840, his coffin was welcomed back to Paris, France, and was buried in Paris Invalides (Paris Veterans Hospital for the Disabled) on the Seine River in France.
When Napoleon was 23 years old,
Napoléon Bonaparte was born in ajaccio, Corsica on 1769. He is left-handed. His original name was Napoleon Boisne, and it was renamed Bonaparte in 1796. Napoleon thought he was an illegal citizen at first, hoping to make Corsica independent from France one day.
He left his hometown for France. 1 779 65438+1October1Enter Orton Middle School. Under the arrangement of his father Carlo Buna Palthe, Napoleon entered the French Military Academy in Brehon at the age of 10. Napoleon is a studious man, but as an "outsider" from the remote colony of Corsica, Napoleon, who is short, is often bullied by other local students, but he is very tenacious and tenacious. Through my unremitting efforts, I finally won the respect of many local students. During this period, Napoleon showed great talent in mathematics, especially geometry.
178410 June 19, after graduating from the University of Brenney with honors, Napoleon was sent to the Military Academy in Paris, France, specializing in artillery science.
16 years old, his father died, and Napoleon, whose family was poor, graduated early, joined the Raphael Corps, and was awarded the rank of artillery second lieutenant. During his stay in various places with the army, he was addicted to all kinds of books, including works on the history of Alexandria war, applied physics, mathematics, architecture, records of local customs of various countries, and many works by thinkers during the Enlightenment, among which Rousseau's thoughts had a great influence on him. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Napoleon returned to Corsica, hoping to take the opportunity to promote Corsica's independence, but he was strongly opposed by another pro-British faction.
179 1 The political situation in France is unpredictable and turbulent. In the early days of the French Revolution, the constitutional monarchy, which represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and liberal aristocrats, seized power and established the constitutional monarchy. 179 1 year, King Louis XVI colluded with foreign feudal reactionary forces and conspired to abolish the monarchy.
1792, gironde, representing the big industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, came to power. On September 22nd, the Kingdom of France was changed to the Republic of France.
1793, Louis XVI was executed, and Britain formed the first anti-French alliance. The French Revolution began to face a serious crisis.
1793 In June, jacobins, a Democrat headed by robespierre and representing the interests of the French petty bourgeoisie, came to power, and the French Revolution reached its climax. In February 65438, Napoleon, a young major, tried his best to defeat the royalist army and the British army and won the battle of Toulon. Therefore, he was appreciated by jacobins and promoted to Brigadier General, which was the first time in European military history.
1794, Napoleon was investigated for his close relationship with the robespierre brothers. Later, he was dismissed from the rank of brigadier general because he refused to serve in the Italian infantry.
1795 entrusted by Paris Governor ballas, he successfully suppressed the armed rebellion of royalist forces, which was the famous campaign to suppress royalist parties. Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general of the army and commander of the Paris garrison overnight, and began to make his mark in the military and political circles.
Napoleon was an excellent strategist, who had a deep study of military knowledge at that time and was good at applying various military strategies to actual combat, especially advocating the centralized use of artillery and giving full play to the mobile role of cavalry.
1796 On March 2, 26, Napoleon was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the Italian army in France and China. On March 9th, he married Mrs Joséphin Beauharnais and went to the front. In Italy, Napoleon's French army defeated Villm Ze, Alvin Qi, Boliuli and other Austrian imperial generals many times, and finally forced the other side to sign an armistice treaty in favor of France and China.
After the victory in northern Italy, Napoleon's prestige became higher and higher, and he became the people's hero of France. However, his rise made the Paris government feel threatened. He was appointed commander of the Arab-Indian Army (Oriental Army) in France and sent to the Middle East to curb the expansion of British power in the region and try to control the Suez Canal and the sea route to Asia. In Napoleon's expedition, besides 2000 cannons, he also led 175 scholars from all walks of life, as well as hundreds of boxes of books and research equipment. On the expedition, Napoleon once issued a famous instruction: "Let donkeys and scholars with luggage walk in the middle of the team." .
1798, Napoleon made an expedition to Egypt and occupied Alexandria. In the face of Mamluk, a warrior, Napoleon showed extraordinary military talent and excellent military accomplishment. In July, in the shadow of the pyramids of Giza, "Soldiers! Watching you on the pyramid for 40 centuries! (Napoleon's famous saying) ",through the shocking results of the Pyramid Campaign, cleared the obstacles to Cairo in one fell swoop and gained a terrible name among Mamluk and Osman.
Although he commanded the French army to win an all-round victory on land, the French fleet was destroyed by British navy general horatio nelson in August, and the land troops were trapped in Egypt. Napoleon marched into Syria and repelled the Turkish army many times, but he encountered difficulties such as plague, heat and supply. Finally, it was blocked by the invincible city of Ackell. On May 17, he returned to Egypt and surrounded the Turkish army in Abu Ghraib. Until his death, Napoleon still regretted that he failed to capture Axel Castle. In his Memoirs of St. Helena, he said, "If Ackell Castle falls at an early date, it will change the face of the world." .
By the time of Napoleon's expedition, the anti-French alliance in Europe had gradually formed, and the royalists in France and China were also gradually strengthening. 1799 In August, Napoleon decided to rush back to Paris secretly at once. On the dangerous voyage back to the Mediterranean, Napoleon tactfully avoided the patrol fleet of the Royal Navy and landed successfully two months later. 1799 In June, Napoleon, who returned to France, was welcomed as the "savior". 1October 9, 165438+ Napoleon, who won the support of the whole people, staged a coup in the foggy month and succeeded, ending the alternation of various terrorist situations since the Great Revolution and becoming the first consul of France.
Napoleon then carried out a series of major reforms in military and political affairs, education, justice, administration, legislation and economy. Among them, the most famous one, which still has far-reaching influence until two centuries later, is the promulgation of the Napoleonic Code drafted by Napoleon. Many articles were discussed by Napoleon himself and finally promulgated.
Code has a great influence on the legislation of western capitalist countries such as Germany, Spain and Switzerland. In the third week after the coup, Napoleon made a solemn announcement to the people. He proudly declared: "Citizens, the Great Revolution has returned to its original intention and the Great Revolution is over." In addition, Napoleon also formulated a national education system that has been preserved to this day, as well as a legion of honor system.
1800 In June, Napoleon, who was in power for the first time, personally led the way, crossed the Alps, defeated the Austrian army in Italy and Genoa, and won the famous victory in the Battle of Marengo. The Battle of Marengo was the first important battle commanded by Napoleon after he took office. The victory of this campaign has become a model, which is of great significance to consolidating the fragile bourgeois regime in France and strengthening Napoleon's dominant position.
1802 On March 27th, France and Britain signed the Amiens Treaty in Amiens, France, and the second anti-French alliance declared bankruptcy. In August, Napoleon changed the * * * and the eight-year constitution to Napoleon's constitution and changed it to life-long governance. In May, the British-French contract was torn up and Britain declared war on France.
1804165438+1October 6th, the 12-year constitution was adopted by referendum, and the French Republic was changed to the French Empire. Napoleon was crowned emperor. He took the crown from Pope pope pius vii and put it on his head with his wife Josephine, which means "the throne he fought for" and has since become "the emperor of France". In the same year, Napoleon appointed Kevin as the assistant minister of the cabinet, responsible for the military and political affairs in Paris. A year later, he was crowned king of Italy by the Pope in Italy and annexed Genoa, making his stepson Eugène Rose de Beauharnais the deputy king of Italy and in charge of Italy.
Napoleon's coronation ceremony
From 1803, Napoleon began to conceive of crossing the English Channel and landing in Britain through the French navy. He took pains to invade Britain, appointed some "experienced" commanders in the navy and assembled a huge fleet composed of France, Spain and the Netherlands. However, because Napoleon himself was not proficient in naval warfare and appointed the wrong commander, coupled with the stubborn resistance of the Royal Navy, the plan eventually failed.
Nelson, commander of the British Royal Navy, was killed in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, but Villeneuve, commander of the French army, was captured and the huge French-Spanish joint fleet was wiped out. Since then, France has lost the opportunity to compete with Britain for maritime hegemony. In order to understand the encirclement of the sea, Britain began to instigate Austria, Russia and other continental European countries to form a third anti-French alliance, so Napoleon had to give up his battle plan to invade Britain.
Fuller, a British military theorist, commented in "Military History of the Western World": "The Battle of Trafalgar is a memorable battle in any respect, which has had a wide impact on history. Thoroughly shattered Napoleon's dream of conquering England. Hundred years of naval battle between Britain and France ended. It made Britain a maritime empire that lasted for more than a century. " In the following 100 years, Britain's maritime hegemony was established, which gave a shot in the arm to the monarchs of Prussia, Russia and Austria who were frightened by Napoleon. As Wilson, a British historian, said in The Modern History of Cambridge, "The Battle of Trafalgar was the decisive battle in the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 to 18 13."
1805 In August, Austria, Britain and Russia formed the third anti-French alliance. At the end of August, Russian general Kutuzov and Austrian allies marched into Ulm, Bavaria. Napoleon left Paris on September 24th and marched eastward. June 65438+10/October 65438+February, the French army occupied Munich. 10 10/7 After fierce fighting in Ulm, the first French Empire and the Austrian Empire won the Battle of Ulm, and the anti-French alliance surrendered.
Subsequently, on February 2nd, 12, on the anniversary of Napoleon's coronation as emperor, the First Empire of France defeated the superior forces of the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces with 70,000 troops, and won a major victory in the battle of Austerlitz, which dealt a heavy blow to Austria and Russia and reversed Prussia's attitude towards France. Because the emperor of the French Empire, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the emperor of the Russian Empire all personally participated in this war, this war is also called the "Battle of Huang San". This war achieved the peak of Napoleon's life, and also made the anti-French alliance collapse again. Napoleon made the Austrian Empire cancel the title of Holy Roman Empire, and the Roman Empire with a long history ended. Napoleon then joined the German vassal states to form the "Rhine Federation" and put it under his own protection.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/806, Britain, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia formed the fourth anti-French alliance. 180665438+1October 14, Napoleon led an army to attack Prussia. In the Battle of Jena, he assembled 90,000 troops to attack Pu Jun, but did not meet the main force of Pu Jun. At Ohrstedt, the inferior troops led by 20,000 French Marshal Davao met with 50,000 main troops personally commanded by the King of Prussia. Marshal Davao struggled to command twenty thousand men to defeat the Prussian army, and Pu Jun was almost wiped out. King Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ and Queen Louise fled in a hurry. Napoleon captured most of Germany's territory and captured the capital Berlin.
Napoleon entered Berlin.
1in June, 807, the French army defeated the Russian army in the Polish Ailao and the Battle of Friedland. Napoleon met with Russian czar Alexander I and the two sides signed a peace treaty.
The French emperor Napoleon I was also the Italian king, the protector of the Rhine Federation and the arbiter of the Swiss Federation, and made his brothers Joseph Bonaparte, louis bonaparte and Jér?me Bonaparte the kings of Naples, Holland and Westphalia. From then on, the supremacy of the first French Empire in the European continent was established.
1808, King Charles IV of Spain was opposed by the military and civilians, and was forced to abdicate to his son Ferdinand VII on March 19 of the same year. 1in March, 808, the French army entered Spain and occupied the capital Madrid in the name of protecting Spanish territory and solving the contradiction between the royal family. Napoleon forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate and made his eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte king of Spain from Naples, and large-scale riots broke out in Spain. France invested a lot of troops in Spain, but it was strongly resisted by Spanish soldiers and civilians. In addition, the scattered forces, constant guerrilla warfare and harassment made the French army miserable. Napoleon had to send troops to Spain to suppress the Madrid uprising. 1808 Britain intervened in the Spanish dispute, landed in Montego Bay on August 8 and occupied the whole of Portugal on August 30. Then Arthur Wellesley Duke of Wellington, with the support of local nationalists, gradually drove the French out of the Iberian Peninsula. The French army was caught in the dilemma of fighting on two fronts, the western front fighting on Iberia Peninsula and the eastern front fighting against the anti-French alliance.
At the beginning of 1809, the fifth anti-French alliance was established when the French army was caught in the quagmire of Spain. The Austrian Empire attacked France's territory in the Rhine behind its back, and Napoleon was forced to withdraw his troops from Spain and lead his army eastward. 19 From April to April 23rd, the French army defeated the Austrian army and occupied Vienna on May 13. The troops commanded by Napoleon and Archduke Karl met in the Battle of Aspen-Esslin, and the French army was defeated. Marshal Rana, the right-hand man, died in battle, and the French army was killed or captured by more than 30 thousand people. Forced to evacuate to Luobao Island, the Austrian army suffered more than 20,000 casualties.
In the Battle of Vagram from July 5th to 6th, Napoleon successfully turned the tide and led the French army to a decisive victory again. The capture of Vienna, the capital of Austria, forced Austria to sign the Vienna Peace Treaty and cede land again. In 10, Napoleon decided to rest his army and marry the Austrian princess Maria Luise. France and Austria formed an alliance, and the first French Empire reached its peak. Napoleon became the hegemon of Europe, Napoleon the Great, as well as Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great.