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the eleventh teaching method. Reciting the above, it can be seen that the Neo-Confucianists paid attention to learning in those days, that is, they paid attention to teaching. Learning and teaching are all related to the whole life, so words are not words. According to China's words, the approachable method of doing scholarly research is also a way of learning, and it also belongs to the whole society. Therefore, the combination of Taoism can be practiced, and if you don't learn, you will have no skill, and the skill is also Tao. Nowadays, when people talk about technology and methods, they all mean utility and skill, while morality can be ignored. This is by no means the aim of China's traditional culture.

(11) Next

There are 21 teaching methods in Volume 11 of Recent Thoughts. Ming Dow said, "Any statement is intended to contain meaning. Don't make those who know virtue tired, and those who don't. " Today's press: the teacher must leave room for the scholars, and let the scholars seek for themselves. The teacher only shows the way and does not bother to say much. Lead its end, so that scholars can start spontaneously. If a scholar is ignorant, it is appropriate to add confusion to his words. Xie Shangcai said: "It is better to teach by example than by words", which is also the intention. However, with limited examples and various words and teachings, Shangcai's words are not as profound as Ming Dow's. Western philosophy is full of words, and if it is true, it is not easy for the listener to know, so it is logical and organized, so that people must know it and it is difficult to distinguish it, leaving no room for scholars. So there is a famous saying that I love my teacher, and I especially love the truth. In fact, it can be said that I discovered the truth, which can also be said that it was initiated by the teacher. Why should I say that I am a teacher? Suppress and the book is not full of words, words are not full of meaning. The meaning is endless, and people may not know it. Confucius said, "People who don't know and don't care are not gentlemen." It is still up to scholars to teach what they know. Both sides should have their own savings.

Ming Dow added: "Confucian scholars are the best sons. Let the scholars have something to defend first. " Today's press: scholars have their own evidence, so they don't have to rely on their teachers. If you stick to your body, it is better to teach by example than to teach by example. It is better to learn from your words than to learn from your body. Learning from the body is tantamount to learning from yourself. The first sentence of the first chapter of The Analects of Confucius says, "It's a pleasure to learn from the times." This requires scholars to reverse themselves and test themselves. Pleasure and unhappiness must be known by scholars, not by teachers. Nowadays, it is also said that truth can only be obtained objectively. For example, Confucius' words and learning from time to time are not only pleasing, but also personal experience, which is not strong enough for people to believe. This is a courtesy for scholars. Today, people think that Confucius' words are illogical and unorganized, and he is subjective and arbitrary. I don't know that teaching is in myself, but learning is in people, so Zhu Zi's compilation of this item must be linked to teaching.

Ming Dow said again, "linguists regard what they have seen as the reason why they haven't reached it, not only because what they have heard is not thorough, but also because they despise it." Today's press: As Confucius said, because scholars have different realms, their words are also different. Today, people must take western philosophy as an example to write a philosophy of Confucius' benevolence, or Confucius' thoughts and so on. If Confucius says benevolence, it is unclear, unorganized and unsystematic, if he says it, it can be known. However, it is true that the status of benevolence is also looked down. Westerners really look down on their so-called truth, so everyone has to invent a truth, but so far there is no fixed opinion, and this truth is still under debate. However, why teach and learn?

Yichuan said, "Storytelling is not ancient, which makes people thin. Scholars should be thoughtful, self-disciplined, and complacent. I've talked all day, but I've taught you very little. It is even more difficult to tell a book when you are like a Han. " Today's press: teachers must teach scholars to be good at traveling and self-restraint, and only when they grow up mentally can they be complacent. This is thick. Telling the truth at once makes scholars thin. Westerners must say everything when they write books, but they still say everything when they teach. It is also good to give lectures by assembly speeches. People hold on to what they say, and they all want to say it, and they are more competitive with each other. The speaker doesn't think of teaching, and the listener doesn't think of learning, but of performance, or creation. Since the ancients in China said it, I am afraid it is too thin.

recent thoughts, volume 11, teaching

1. Mr. Lian Xi said: just good, righteous, straight, broken, strict and solid; Evil is fierce, narrow and strong. Being kind, being kind, being obedient and being considerate. Evil is cowardice, indeterminacy and evil. Only those who are in the middle, harmony, the middle festival, the world's Tao, and the sage's business. Therefore, the sage teaches, making people easy to be evil, from the top to the bottom. -Zhou Dunyi's "Tong Shu Shi"

2. Mr. Yichuan said: When the ancients gave birth, they could eat and teach them. The law of the university takes preparation as the first priority, and people are young, and they have no master in knowing and thinking. It is convenient to use aphorisms to talk about the day. Although they don't know it, they should be cultivated to fill their ears and learn from it for a long time. If they are inherent, they can't enter it, although they are confused by him. If it is not prepared, and it is a little longer, the private preference is born from the inside, and the arguments are made outside. If you want to be pure, you can't get it. -"Collected Works of Cheng Er", Volume 6, "The Letter to the Empress Dowager Tai"

3. On the top of "View", there are nine sayings: "Look at his life, the gentleman has no blame." "Xiang" said: "Looking at his life, his ambition is not flat." It is said that although a gentleman is not in office, he regards his virtue as an instrument, so he should be careful and observe his life, and he often does not lose sight of the gentleman, so that people can turn it into reality without losing their expectations. You can't just sit back and relax. -

4. The sage's way is natural, and his knowledge is unique. Disciples are close friends, and then they learn more about their lofty ideals. If you can't reach it, you will lose hope. Therefore, the teachings of saints are often condescended. It's the usual behavior of a gentleman to be afraid to be reluctant when things are in mourning. "Not trapped in sprinkling" is especially close. And those who put themselves in their own place not only make those who are under the husband's capital think hard, but also dare not be easy to get close to them. -

5. Mr. Ming Dow said: Those who worry about their children's contempt for handsome should only be taught to study through Confucian classics, not to make them written. Children who play well will win their ambitions. As for the letters, the Confucian scholars have been doing things recently, but they have always been good, and they have also been discouraged. Such as Wang, Yu, Yan and Liu, there are people who are sincere as good people. Do you know those who have seen good books? Once you spend your life on this, you will not only waste your time, but also have a hindrance in the Tao, which is enough to know that you are tired. -

Volume 1 of "Cheng Cheng's suicide note" 6. If you don't see interest, you will not be happy to learn. Song and dance that you want to teach, such as 3 ancient poems, were all made by the ancients. For example, "Guanju" is the beginning of the family, so it is used by the villagers and the country, which makes people smell it every day. These poems are simple and concise, and today people are not easy to understand. Don't try to write poetry. It seems helpful to teach the boy to sweep the festival to deal with things, so that he can sing it every morning and evening. -

7. How many talents are there in the world? Just because the Tao is unknown to the world, it is impossible to achieve anything. Moreover, the ancient people "prospered in Poetry, stood in ceremony and became happy". How can people get it now? The ancients wrote the poem, but now people are just like songs. Although they are childish, they all know what they say and understand its meaning, so they can rise in the poem. Teachers in later generations stay in Confucianism, but they still can't understand its meaning. How can they blame scholars? It is not allowed to "be interested in" Poetry ". The ancient ceremony is abolished, and the human relations are unclear, so that it is impossible to manage the family. It is impossible to "stand on the ceremony". The ancients sang to nourish their temperament, sang to nourish their eyes and ears, and danced to nourish their blood. Today, there is nothing, and it is impossible to "be happy". It is easy to become useful in ancient times, but it is difficult to become useful today. -

8. Confucius taught people, "If you don't get angry, you won't get angry." If you don't wait for anger and anger, you won't know it well; If you wait for anger and delay, you will be fruitful. A scholar should think deeply, think hard, and then speak for him. Beginners must speak for him, otherwise he will not only be ignorant, but also stop people from asking questions. -

9. Mr. Hengqu said, "Be respectful and give in with courtesy," showing great kindness and loving Tao. If you don't encourage yourself, people can't advocate, Tao can't be grand, and teaching can't be achieved. -Zhang zai's

1, The Book of Learning says: "Further disregard for their safety makes people unwilling to be sincere and teaches people not to make the best use of their materials." If people are not safe, they will enter it again; If you don't know it, tell it again, and make life this program. Regardless of safety, sincerity, and inexhaustible materials are all mistakes. It is extremely difficult to teach people, so we must do our best, but we will not miss them. Look at it, and then tell it. The sage's wisdom, if he knows the cow well, everyone knows its gap, and there is no room for blade casting. A man's talent is enough to do something, but if he is not sincere, he will not do his best. If you do it with encouragement, there is no reason to be sincere! -Zhang Zai's Book of Rites

11. Children in ancient times can respect things. If the elders support them, they will hold their hands. Ask, cover your mouth. Guy is a little disrespectful and disloyal. So teach children, and be serene and respectful first. -Zhang Zai's Book of Rites

12. Mencius said: "People are inadequate and suitable, and politics is inadequate and intermittent. Only adults can control the right and wrong of the monarch." It is not only your heart, but as for friends and scholars, although he discusses similarities and differences, he does not want to go deep into the school. Only sorting out his heart and making it right is not a small supplement! -Zhang Zai's "Mencius"