Jeanned' Arc (1412-1431), a French national heroine, bravely assumed the leadership of French soldiers and civilians in the Hundred Years War between Britain and France (1337- 1453).
The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France was originally a feudal war between the two countries for land and rich Flanders. The battlefield was mainly in France, which caused great losses to France. With the invasion of France by British troops, the French people began the struggle to defend national independence. 14 15 years, when Joan of Arc was 3 years old, King Henry V of England defeated the French army in the Battle of Ginkul, and many French feudal lords were killed or captured. Charles vi, the French king, had to make peace with Britain, and signed the treaty of troyes with Britain in 1420, stipulating that Henry V, the British king, was the French regent; The king of England will marry charles vi's daughter, inherit the French throne and unify Britain and France; Don't recognize charles vi's son as the French heir. 1422, Henry V and charles vi died one after another, and Henry VI, the child of Henry V, was declared king of England and king of France. At that time, most French people opposed Henry VI becoming their king, but duke of burgundy admitted it. Duke of burgundy is a collateral of the royal family, and there are many contradictions with the royal clique. In order to defend his territory, he allied himself with the British army. 1430 years ago, most of the land north of the Royal River was in the hands of Britain and Burgundy, and the area controlled by the French royal family was actually less than half of the total area of France. Joan of Arc lived in such an era of national crisis.
1412 65438+16 October, Joan of Arc was born in Duremi, a village at the junction of Champaign and Lorraine provinces in northeast France. My father, Reid, is a respected local farmer. He served as the military commander of Durham, in charge of national defense affairs and taxation, and also mediated disputes among local people. He has great prestige among the residents in his hometown and is one of the seven famous people in Dulemi village. Isabella's mother, like her father, is a Catholic. She is kind and gentle, but she has a strong personality and is strict with children. As a child, Joan learned to recite prayers and respect Catholic saints from her mother. Her parents' devout religious beliefs and honest and diligent personality have a great influence on Joan.
Joan's hometown is close to the territory of duke of burgundy, which belongs to the jurisdiction of the French king and is located in the main traffic road. From 14 12- 1428, it was looted by Burgundy several times and the war continued. In addition, news from all over the country spread here through passers-by from south to north, constantly touching people's heartstrings. The political decline of the country and the sufferings of the people strongly influenced Joan, making her mature rapidly and determined to devote herself to the war of saving the nation.
Joan, like many simple French farmers, regards the king as the representative of God's will and the symbol of the motherland, and places the fate of the motherland and the hopes of the people on him. At that time, most French people supported the French Crown Prince Charles to ascend to the throne, and Joan also regarded saving the motherland as her important task.
1428 in may, the British army advanced to Orleans, the gateway of southern France, in an attempt to annex the whole of France in one fell swoop. At that time, the French Crown Prince Charles and his court were powerless and at a loss in the face of the British attack, so France was in a critical situation. At this critical moment, Joan went to Fangula, the provincial capital, to see the Governor Batgu and asked the Governor to help meet the Prince, who led the army to attack the British army. When Joan first met the governor, he didn't think highly of her. Treat her as an urchin who should be disciplined by her parents and let her brother-in-law take her home. 1428 10, the British army besieged Orleans, and the domestic situation in France was tight. Joan of Arc, dressed in men's clothing, went to see the Governor for the second time and loudly announced her political opinions in person: restoring the royal power, defeating the British army, saving Orleans and saving France. She told Governor Batgu in a tough tone that France would be saved by the "Virgin of Lorraine". Joan's strong patriotic feelings and passionate words shocked the governor, so she allowed two officers to escort her to Chinon to meet the prince.
1429+65438 10 to February, Joan arrived in Chinon. After several investigations, she met the prince. In the name of God, she strengthened the prince's confidence and realized the justice of the country, so that the prince finally admitted that she was the leader of the rescue army to save Orleans and gave her a military flag, a horse and a sword.
1429 On April 27th, Joan of Arc, dressed in armor, rode a snow-white war horse, led more than 3,000 rescue troops, and marched into Orleans with a white flag embroidered with the icon of Jesus Mary. At this time, Orleans was surrounded by British troops for half a year. The British army built 12 offensive forts around it, and also invested great efforts to dig tunnels leading to the city. The people of Orleans stubbornly resisted and looked forward to the rescue of the French army. On April 29th, Joan led an army to break through the encirclement of the enemy and enter the city of Orleans. The soldiers and civilians in the city were in high spirits and warmly welcomed the heroine. On May 3rd, another French Wang Jun unit also set off from Ji Yan for Orleans, and arrived in Orleans on the morning of the 4th. The normal university stationed inside and outside the city inspired the determination of the whole army to resist Britain and kill the enemy. On May 4th, British and French troops fought fiercely in St. Lop, which was occupied by British troops. Joan went to the front to take part in the war. When French officers and men saw Joan, their morale was greatly boosted, and bees rushed forward to seize St. Lop, thus ensuring the safety of the grain and grass supply line. On May 6th, the French army recaptured two fortresses, Blanc and Augustine, which were occupied by British troops near the city of Orleans. British troops died 1 14, and 40 people were captured.
1429 On May 7th, the key battle for the capture of Fort tours by the city of Orleans began. At 7 o'clock in the morning, the French army attacked and climbed hard with a ladder. The British army resisted desperately and pushed open the ladder besieged by the French army. Many French soldiers fell into the moat. The two sides fought fiercely, but the French army failed, and Joan's foot was injured. At noon, Joan was unfortunately shot in the chest during the bidding process and was rescued by the left and right soldiers. The morale of the French army was greatly affected, and it was not until the evening that it was possible to attack Fort tours. Peter, the commander of the city of Orleans, was a little frustrated when he saw this situation and planned to order the trumpet to retreat. At this time, regardless of the pain, Joan struggled to stop his order to the commander of the guarding city and asked for an extension of the fighting time.
The decisive moment has arrived. Joan snatched the flag from the sergeant around her and waved it vigorously. The pioneers took Darren from Joan again. When the whole army saw the flying flag, they realized that the general attack had begun, so they rushed to the enemy lines and ran to Fort tours from the south. The British army is exhausted. When they saw the brave French soldiers, they immediately made a mess and ran away.
The way out to the north of Fort tours is a temporary bridge that has just been built, on which the British troops are fleeing in panic. Unexpectedly, the French army ambushed a ship of gunpowder and exploded under the bridge. Many British officers and men were killed on the spot, but fortunately, the deceased also fell into the river and died, and the British garrison was eliminated. After a six-month siege, the city of Orleans declared its freedom.
The battle greatly hurt the British spirit. Peter Foott, commander of the British Army, wrote in a letter to Britain: "The fortress has been captured, and it seems that God has invaded." "They rely on a woman who fights in a mysterious way. This blow not only reduced the number of people here, but also reduced the courage of other soldiers. "
The victory in Orleans was a turning point in the whole Hundred Years' War and a great victory of French national patriotism. In order to show respect for Joan of Arc, people call her "the girl of Orleans".
After the victory in Orleans, Joan decided to March on Lance immediately and crown the prince, because according to Joan, no legitimate king can completely liberate the motherland, and according to French tradition, a legitimate king needs to be grandly crowned in Lance Cathedral, so capturing Lance and crowning the prince is a major event related to the fate of the French nation. 1429 On June 27th, under the leadership of Joan of Arc, the French army successively captured cities such as Reims. 10 in June, a British garrison commander in Reims wrote in the surrender book: "Surrender to the bravest woman in the world."
1429, 17 In July, the coronation ceremony was held in Reims Cathedral, and the prince officially ascended the throne, known as Charles VII in history. At this time, Charles VII insisted on making peace with duke of burgundy. The proposal of making peace was put forward by duke of burgundy after the Battle of Orleans. On August 5, the two sides signed an armistice agreement. Duke of burgundy promised to return to Paris in 0/5 days. Joan was dissatisfied with this, but she obeyed the king's orders on the issue of war and peace. In an open letter to the citizens of Reims, she wrote ... I don't agree with this agreement. I don't know whether I should abide by this agreement. In order to protect the dignity of the king, I have to do this ... ". 15 days later, Paris is still in Burgundy's hands.
Duke of burgundy's proposals and suggestions were obviously a delaying tactic, and Joan decided to retake Paris. 1On September 8th, 429, Joan led an army to attack the city of Paris. On September 9, Charles VII ordered the withdrawal. Joan didn't want to disobey the king's orders, but she was going to break into Paris from the temporary bridge on the Seine before retreating. When Charles VII learned of this incident, he immediately ordered people to dismantle the bridge that was the only way to attack that night. After that, although the fighting lasted for several days, the siege failed because of lack of food and grass.
1430 In mid-May, the British and Burgundy joined forces to attack Reims again in order to consolidate the defense of Paris. At the beginning of April 1430, Kangbian, a military town on the left side of Lance, was in an emergency, and Joan immediately went to Kangbian. 1430 In the early morning of May 23, when Joan led a few teams to attack the British army actively, they were outnumbered and forced to retreat to Kangbiancheng, and Joan broke back. Fearing that the enemy would rush into the city, the commander of the Yugoslav capital, Frye, pulled up the suspension bridge to keep Joan out of the city. The Burgundy army surrounded Joan of Arc, who still fought bravely. It's a pity that she was pulled down by the traitors around her and fell into the enemy.
Charles VII was saved from destruction and did not redeem Joan of Arc. Joan tried to escape from prison, but failed, and was transferred from Borrieu Castle to Bohova Castle further away. 1430 On July 4th, the Burgundy sold Joan of Arc to the British army for 10000 gold coins. This English character lured Ke Song, a doctor of theology, to preside over the inquisition of Joan of Arc. 1431February 2 1 day for the first time. The judge cheered Joan's questioning in turn. Joan calmly and resolutely answered questions in court. Some answers are wonderful, such as:
"What do you think of those who kiss your hands and feet and touch your horse?"
"The poor are happy to approach me because I spare no effort to support them and defend them."
"Does God hate the English?"
"I don't know whether God loves the British or hates them, but I am sure that all the invaders will be driven out of France except those who are killed!"
Later, the court changed the public trial to a secret trial. The trial lasted until March 24. On March 28th, the church court convicted her of more than 70 so-called crimes. On April 2nd, it was summed up as 12, such as "witchcraft confusing people", "wearing men's clothes", "frivolous church", "arrogance blasphemy" and so on.
Joan of Arc refused the court's judgment on her and didn't say a word about the king until her death. The British plot to slander the French king went bankrupt, thus strengthening the cruel torture of Joan of Arc. Joan remained indomitable, so the court finally declared her an "incorrigible heresy" and a "witch" and sentenced her to the stake.
1431On May 30th, Joan died heroically at the stake in Rouen Square.
Joan is not dead, and she will live in the hearts of the French people forever. Encouraged by Joan of Arc's patriotism, the French people raised the banner of national struggle higher and finally won the war against Britain in 1453.
After the "Hundred Years' War", after years of re-investigation and trial, 1456,1June 6, and 143 1 were overturned in the case of Joan of Arc.
Joan of Arc has always been regarded as a national hero in France. 1979 In May, France held a ceremony to commemorate her on the occasion of the 450th anniversary of the victory in the Battle of Orleans. This article is compiled and published by Strategy Network. If you reprint this article, please keep the source and link of this article.
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