The colors of flowers and fruits are determined by anthocyanins, and the colors of leaves are determined by chlorophyll.

2. What are the unique structures of higher plant cells and animal cells?

Animal cells have centrosomes, while plant cells have cell walls and large central vacuoles.

3. List some ancient poems or poems praising plants.

For example, Zhou Dunyi in the Northern Song Dynasty (should know)

Ailian said, The Sword by Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty, Ode to Peony by Jiang Kui in Southern Song Dynasty, Narcissus by Ke Zhuang and so on.

Pinus jiandi (Bai Juyi)

There are pine trees 100 feet big and 10 yards around. They were born at the bottom of the cave, cold and crude.

The mountains and rivers are sinister, and the dangers are endless.

Tian Zi Tang Ming owes Liang Mu, and there are two things I don't know.

Who is the metaphor for the creation of the sky, but it is not related to the lack of materials.

The story of Jin Zhang Xian Xian, Niu Yi cold and cheap lost Xin Gui.

Although the stories of Di Xin and Niu Yi are different,

The highest is not necessarily wise, and the lower is not necessarily stupid.

Don't you see that corals are born under the heavy seabed and elms are planted in the sky!

Chant peony

Jiangkui

Hating spring is easy to go,

Even in spring, he lives in Yangzhou.

Light rain,

Write poems at the ends of cocoons and chestnuts

No.24 Hongqiao,

Always absent-minded

Silence,

Gradually take off the palace clothes and smile at each other.

Thin-leaf gold pot,

Thousands of flowers are dancing around.

Who wants me to turn my sideburns into silk,

Come here to pay tribute to you.

The day after tomorrow, the West Park is too green to count.

Lonely willow waves, self-study flower spectrum

narcissus

Liusongkezhuang

Years old, the falling flowers are bleak, and a wisp of breeze is absolutely pitiful.

Not all the soil invaded Su Hao, but all the winds showed beauty.

The coquettish soul falls on Hunan guests, and the jade color vaguely catches the moon fairy.

But he laughed at Fu Weng for being too fat and mistook elegance for beauty.

4. What does Cordyceps belong to?

Cordyceps sinensis is the offspring of many other hepialidae, which lay eggs in the soil and then become larvae. Before and after this, Cordyceps sinensis invaded the larvae, absorbed the substances in the larvae as nutritional conditions for survival, and continued to multiply in the larvae, so that the larvae were covered with hyphae. In May-July of the following year, when the weather gets warmer, the larvae grow yellow or light brown fungus nests on their heads, which emerge from the ground like grass stems after growing, forming our usual life.

5. List historical figures related to chrysanthemums.

Examples: Huang Chao, Tao Yuanming, etc.

6. Why are the leaves of normal plants green? What are the reasons why the leaves of some plants turn yellow in autumn and winter?

The leaf color of plants is mainly the comprehensive expression of the ratio of green chlorophyll to yellow carotenoid. Normal leaf

Due to the dominant chlorophyll content in the membrane, normal leaves appear green;

Chlorophyll biosynthesis process is very complicated, which is greatly influenced by environmental conditions, such as:

(1) light (this is a necessary condition for chloroplast development and chlorophyll synthesis. )

② Temperature (The biosynthesis of chlorophyll mostly involves enzymes. Temperature affects the activity of enzyme,

It also affects the synthesis of chlorophyll. )

(3) Nutrient elements (plants lack nitrogen, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese and zinc, and chlorophyll cannot be synthesized, resulting in green deficiency).

The content of lutein is relatively stable, so the leaves turn yellow in autumn and winter because of temperature, humidity, water and one

The changes of some trace elements make chlorophyll decrease and lutein stand out.

7. What animals and plants like to live in winter?

Polar bear, penguin

Chinese plum

Insects are not afraid of cold.

Hundreds of kilometers away from the North Pole, there lived a butterfly. This butterfly lays its eggs under the ice in the Arctic. Due to the low temperature in the polar region, it takes 14 years for the larvae of this butterfly to grow into adults. Compared with the life span of ordinary butterflies, this 14 year is equivalent to 1000 years spent by human beings.

From February 65438 to February of the following year, the red dragonfly larvae can overwinter at the temperature below freezing point. Their trick in winter is to use glycerol to protect their cell fluids from freezing. However, if you freeze them in summer, they will die immediately. It can be seen that these larvae are gradually adapting to low temperature. Therefore, once there is a cold wave in spring, the larvae' bodies do not have enough time to adapt, which will lead to a large number of deaths. -

Fish, frogs and turtles who are not afraid of cold

Fish living in the Arctic Ocean also have a perfect anti-freezing mechanism. They can produce an antifreeze protein in the body to prevent the cell fluid from freezing.

Some frogs and turtles have opposite functions. They can produce a kind of protein which can promote the freezing of liquid, thus producing tiny ice crystals in the body in a similar principle of quick freezing when the temperature drops. Because ice crystals are very small, they will not cause harm to cells. -

Plants are not afraid of cold flowers in winter.

The average temperature in Antarctica is 20℃ to 30℃ lower than that in the North Pole. Up to now, there are still 1000 kinds of plants living in this frozen continent, among which lichen is the most common.

In addition, in 1974, scientists discovered a freshwater lake with a width of 200 kilometers under the Antarctic ice sheet 125 meters, and named it "Oriental Lake". Scientists think that there are many wonderful creatures living in this lake and try to study it by drilling. 1998, when drilling reached the depth of 100 meters, researchers stopped working because they were worried that an ecosystem that had existed for millions of years would be completely destroyed.

8. Why do injured fruits turn black?

A: This is caused by the broken skin of the injured fruit, and the thin film that acts as a "protective wall" inside allows oxygen to enter the fruit. Oxygen will react with some compounds in fruits (usually embedded in these compounds) and oxidize these compounds. But many compounds are brown and black after oxidation, so the injured part of the fruit turns black. Citric acid can be used to prevent fruit from turning black. Because citric acid is easy to oxidize, it can be used to remove oxygen and prevent fruits from turning black. This is why apple slices will not turn black after being soaked in lemon juice for a long time.

9. Why do you cry when peeling and cutting onions?

A: The peculiar smell of Allium plants comes from a volatile oil, which contains an organic molecule called amino acid sulfoxide. Peeling or crushing onion tissue will release alliinase, which can convert these organic molecules into sulfinic acid. Hyposulfonic acid then naturally recombines to form chemicals that can cause tears, such as propane mercaptan and sulfur oxide.

10.

The order of inclusion is

Phylum > class > order > family > genus > species, and all taxonomic units have subclasses such as "Subclass" or "Superclass".

These classification levels are sorted by similarity. The nearest species belongs to the unified genus, and the similar genera belong to the same family, until the door. The lower the level, the higher the similarity.

1 1. List some national flowers.

Bandailan, Jin Zhuo-the national flower of Singapore.

It symbolizes Excellence, beauty and immortality from generation to generation. Jin Zhuo, formerly known as Hu Jihua, is a general term for orchids in Southeast Asia. This is a Spanish gardener, Effie Jin Zhuo, who lives in Singapore. She cultivated an excellent new variety from Hu Jihua in her garden. 198 1 Singapore Ministry of Culture declared it as the national flower.

Jindalai-the national flower of Korea.

Jindalai, also known as Endless Flower, is actually a kind of Rhododendron in Ericaceae, that is, Rhododendron Xing 'an in China. Its original intention is an enduring flower. The Korean people use it to symbolize long-term prosperity, joy and happiness.

Water lily-the national flower of Thailand.

Flower language is to face life and throw away the old days.

Sakura-the national flower of Japan.

March 15 is the cherry blossom festival in Japan. There are more than 30 kinds and 300 varieties of cherry blossoms in Japan and more than 800 varieties in the world. All the parks in Japan are full of cherry blossoms. Japanese believe that cherry blossoms have the spirit of elegance, firmness, beauty, simplicity and independence. They regard cherry blossoms as a symbol of hard work, courage and wisdom. There is a Japanese proverb "Seven Days of Cherry Blossom", which means that the flowering period is very short. Therefore, Japanese families generally do not grow cherry blossoms, which is not conducive to the continuation of family prosperity.

Jasmine is the national flower of Philippines, Indonesia and friendship.

Jasmine is a symbol of purity and enthusiasm in the eyes of the Filipino people, and a flower of love and friendship.

Filipinos call Molly "Samba-Gita", which means you promise me. Legend has it that a lover gave the girl he was after a jasmine flower. And said: "samba-guitar", since then, "samba-guitar" has become the name of jasmine and the voice of faithful love between young men and women. In international communication, a long jasmine ring is hung around a guest's neck and hangs down to his chest to show respect and friendship.

Tulip is the national flower of Holland, Turkey, Hungary (geranium) and Iran (Damascus Rose).

Tulips symbolize beauty, solemnity and luxury. Its Turkish meaning means that it is as beautiful as the head of an Islamic woman wearing a headscarf. Therefore, Turkey was designated as the national flower earlier than the Netherlands.

Centaurea-the national flower of Germany.

Queen Louise, the mother of Prussian emperor William I, was forced to leave Berlin during the civil war. On the way to escape, the car broke down. While waiting by the roadside with her two children, she found blue cornflowers on the roadside. She made a wreath out of this flower and put it on the chest of nine-year-old William. Later, William I was crowned German emperor. He still liked cornflower very much and thought it was an auspicious flower. Cornflower also encourages people to be cautious and learn with an open mind.

Pomegranate flower-the national flower of Spain (a sentence about carnation).

Flowers are as red as flames.

Vetiveria iris-the national flower of France.

Vetiveria iris is a symbol of happiness, and its quiet, harmonious and generous appearance embodies the spirit of freedom, optimism and openness of the French nation. Vetiveria iris is a blue butterfly. The French like it very much and call it Jin Baihe.

Olive flower is the national flower of Greece, Tunisia and Cyprus.

This flower symbolizes the pride of the Greek nation and the prosperity of the country. When holding a competition, take the olive branch as the crown and reward the winner. And take the olive branch as a symbol of peace.

Tunisia, North Africa, is rich in olives and is known as the "Olive Garden of the World".

There are two green olive branches printed on the flag of Cyprus, which are regarded as a symbol of peace, wisdom and victory.

Lotus is the national flower of Egypt and India and Sri Lanka.

Ancient Egyptian legend: Eh Amuna, the wife of the Egyptian god of wisdom and magic, presented her husband with a bunch of lotus flowers to show her loyalty and love. Later, loyalty and love formed the lotus language, so people especially love lotus flowers. It is regarded as a beautiful and auspicious elephant in India and Sri Lanka.

Lilac-the national flower of Tanzania.

This gorgeous language is an honor and comfort.

Sugar maple flower-the national flower of Canada.

Canada is called "the country of maple trees". In the center of the national flag, a huge red maple leaf is painted. Maple leaf patterns can be seen everywhere in daily life. People are proud of the red, warm and sincere maple leaves.

Sugar maple, also known as sugar maple, is a tall deciduous tree. It is 40 meters high, 40- 100cm in diameter and 500 years old. The trunk contains the most starch and turns into sucrose in winter. In warm weather, sucrose will turn into sweet juice. If you drill a hole in the tree, the sap will flow out. Sugar made from boiled tree juice is called maple syrup or maple syrup.

Cyberflower-the national flower of Argentina.

Cactus and Dahlia-the national flowers of Mexico.

The main inhabitants of Mexico are Astek Indians. According to legend, at first tribal gods instructed them to move south, and said that when an eagle stood on a cactus and pecked a snake, it proved that it was rich, auspicious, settled and prosperous. When they went to Mexico, they saw the predicted scene and settled there. Cactus has become a symbol of their indomitable and heroic struggle to defend national interests.

Dahlia is the second national flower of Mexico. Mexico is the origin of Dahlia, Dahlia can be seen everywhere, and its flowers are generous and colorful, which can rival the world famous flowers.

Daisy-the national flower of Italy.

Simple appearance, petite and long flowers. The Italian people think this is a gentleman's demeanor and innocence.

Roses are the national flowers of the United States, Britain, Spain, Luxembourg and Bulgaria.

After a hundred years of debate, the national flower of the United States passed the rose as the national flower in the House of Representatives on September 23rd with 1986. They believe that roses are the embodiment of love, peace, friendship, courage and dedication. Americans also believe that the red China rose symbolizes love, love and courage. Light pink conveys approval or praise, pink represents elegance and noble demeanor, dark pink expresses gratitude, white symbolizes purity, and yellow symbolizes celebration and happiness.

Bulgaria is a world-famous "country of roses". The first Sunday in early June every year is the traditional national festival Rose Festival, and people hold a grand celebration in the Rose Valley. They believe that gorgeous, fragrant and elegant roses symbolize the diligence, wisdom and love of nature of the Bulgarian people. Roses full of thorns are the embodiment of Bulgarian people's courage, unyielding and perseverance in the face of Ottoman Empire and German fascism.

Cedar is the national flower of Lebanon.

The Lebanese flag is printed with cedar patterns. The people oppressed by colonial rule regard cedar as their idol. Cedar has become a symbol of courage, perseverance and fear of violence in this country.

White rose-the national flower of Romania.

This kind of flower symbolizes the enthusiasm, purity, sincerity, nobility, simplicity and harvest of the nation. Every year at the Harvest Festival, girls will wear white rose wreaths and sing and dance to celebrate.

12.

For example, a flash in the pan: epiphyllum: that is, excellent potted flowers with short opening time. Metaphor is a beautiful thing or scenery.

Appeared for a while and soon disappeared.

Plum blossom: plum blossom: the flower of plum tree, which is a famous ornamental plant. Ask the postman to deliver plum blossoms. compare

Express your thoughts to friends far away.

Cardamom: soybean meal: a perennial herb, which is a metaphor for virgins. When a woman is thirteen or fourteen. wait for

13. What plants eat insects?

For example. Nepenthes vulgaris

Nepenthes is a famous tropical insect-eating plant, mainly produced in tropical Asia. Nepenthes has a unique organ that absorbs nutrients-insect trap. The insect trap is cylindrical, and the lower part is slightly enlarged. Because it looks like Nepenthes, it is called Nepenthes. Hainan, the origin of China, is also called Leigong pot, which means like a hip flask. This kind of plant is called an insect-eating plant. It does not directly absorb nutrients needed to sustain life from inorganic fields such as soil, but lives by catching small animals such as insects. wait for

14 Ten Famous Flowers in China: Plum Blossom, Peony, Chrysanthemum, Orchid, Lotus, Rhododendron, Camellia, Rose, Narcissus and Osmanthus fragrans.

When did they bloom?

In January, daffodils are cultivated in clean water.

Apricot flowers stick out of the wall in February.

The peach blossoms in March are red and bright.

In April, azaleas are all over the mountain.

Peony smiles in May.

Orchids in June smell good.

The color of the lotus in July is different.

Sweet-scented osmanthus pickled honey in August

Autumn wind in September

October hibiscus fights frost.

Camellia blooms in early November.

Plum blossoms are fragrant in the snow in December.

15. China 10 Daming Huayahao.

The King of Flowers-Peony

Peony is a famous traditional flower in China. It is beautiful and charming, graceful and elegant, with the beauty of color, fragrance and rhyme, which makes people fall in love. Many poets in history have praised it. For example, the Tang poetry praised: "A good name is called Kao Hua". In the Song Dynasty, the word "Ailian" wrote: "Peony is full of flowers", and the famous sentence was spread to famous people. "The King of Flowers" and "Rich Flowers" have also become nicknames to praise peony.

The King of Flowers-Rose

The beginning of Chinese rose breeding: Early gardeners chose fine varieties from wild Chinese roses and planted them together. In very early prehistoric times, China, Persia, the two river basins, Egypt, Greece and Italy planted several or several domesticated Chinese roses, which was much earlier than the first year of AD. In ancient gardening, it is not clear whether Chinese rose is propagated by seeds or asexually. However, in more than 5000 years, a large number of new varieties have appeared through sowing seeds obtained by natural pollination.

The Soul of Cold Autumn-Chrysanthemum

Chrysanthemum has always been regarded as a symbol of elegance and nobility in Ao Shuang, representing the gentleness and friendship of celebrities. Chrysanthemum is deeply loved by ancient China literati because it is not afraid of autumn cold, and many poems praise it. For example, Tao Yuanming, a great poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote a famous sentence, "Pick chrysanthemums under the east fence and see Nanshan leisurely."

Plum blossom, the best flower group

Plum blossom is the spiritual symbol of our Chinese nation and China, and it has a strong and universal appeal and impetus. Plum blossom symbolizes the spiritual quality of perseverance, perseverance, courage to struggle and self-improvement. The lofty quality and loyalty of marching forward against the snow, smelling the cold and smelling the fragrance, and being hard-core and cold-hearted have inspired generations of China people to explore bravely and create an excellent life and civilization.

Beauty in Flowers-Rhododendron

The azaleas are very beautiful. Tubular flowers have many colors, such as crimson, reddish, rose, purple and white. When azaleas are in full bloom in spring, the mountains are full of bright colors, like rosy clouds surrounding the forest, which is known as "the beauty in flowers". Colorful azaleas arouse people's warmth and beautiful feelings for life, and also symbolize the prosperity of the country and the happy life of the people. This is the true meaning of our people's love for cuckoo.

Beautiful and exquisite-Lotus

Lotus, also known as lotus and water hibiscus, is a famous aquatic flower in China with a long cultivation history. Lotus is a perennial aquatic herb of Nymphaeaceae, commonly known as "lotus root", with thick roots and many nodes, and shield-shaped leaves, which are divided into "floating leaves".

And "vertical leaves". Flowers can be divided into single petals and double petals, and the colors are pink, yellow and white, as well as multi-color varieties. Lotus is cultivated all over China, some of them are considerable flowers, some can produce lotus roots, and some specialize in lotus seeds. Lotus is an important aquatic flower that adorns waterscape gardens. Water lilies, water onions and cattails are planted here, which makes the waterscape garden particularly beautiful and spectacular. The flowering period of lotus is from July to August, and the fruit ripens in September. Sowing, planting lotus root and breeding. Lotus root and lotus seed are edible, and lotus root and lotus plumule are used as medicine, which have the effect of clearing away heat and calming the nerves. Fresh and refined, the dust is not stained. It symbolizes innocence and purity.

A gentleman in flowers-orchids

Orchids in China, referred to as orchids, usually refer to some terrestrial orchid varieties. Pseudobulb is small with linear leaves and fleshy roots; The stems are erect, with many flowers 1 to 10. Flowers are small and fragrant, usually light green with purple spots. The morphology and flowering period of leaves and flowers of different species are very different. South and southwest of Qinling Mountains. It has a long cultivation history of at least 1000 years and is one of the top ten traditional famous flowers in China. Since ancient times, people have regarded orchids as a symbol of nobility, elegance, patriotism and unyielding.

Camellia, a treasure in flowers

Camellia is an evergreen flower, which blooms in winter and spring, with graceful flowers and bright colors. Comrade Guo Moruo praised: "Camellia blooms early, and a hundred flowers blossom." Yunnan tea people once wrote a poem praising: "Strictly speaking, camellia saves flowers, and the whole city shows extraordinary splendour;" Everyone says peony is good, but I say peony is not as good as tea. "Lotus in the water-lotus, one of the top ten famous flowers in China, is not only colorful, fragrant, covered with Lingbo Cuigai, but also highly adaptable. Can be widely planted in lakes, very spectacular, can be potted in bottles, nothing interesting; Since ancient times, precious aquatic flowers in palace gardens and private gardens have been favored by people more and more, and are widely used in modern landscape gardens.

Jiaozi-Osmanthus fragrans in Autumn

Osmanthus fragrans is called "fairy friend" because of its elegance and fragrance. Osmanthus fragrans is also called "fairy tree" and "in the old flower of the moon". Osmanthus fragrans generally grows on rock ridges, also known as "rock osmanthus"; Osmanthus fragrans has a far-reaching fragrance when it blooms, and its fragrance is clear and rich, and it can be washed far-reaching, so it has the reputation of "nine-mile scent"; Yellow flowers are as thin as millet, so they are also called "golden millet"; Osmanthus fragrans is also called "Xianke"; Flowers bloom in autumn, and it is said that the autumn god belongs to the west, so it is also called "Xixiang" or "Autumn Township"; Osmanthus fragrans flowers are very small, but they are full of fragrance, so they are called "Golden Autumn Pride".

Narcissus, the fairy in winter

Because most of them are nourished by water, and the leaves are beautiful, the flowers are rich, and the posture is elegant, so they have the nickname of "Ling Boxian". Narcissus is mainly distributed in warm and humid areas along the southeast coast of China, with Zhangzhou, Xiamen and Chongming Island in Shanghai being the most famous. Narcissus is a herbaceous flower, also known as Jinzhan Yintai, Yulinglong, Ya garlic and so on. It originated in China, Fujian and Zhejiang, and now it has spread all over the country and all over the world. Narcissus is beautiful, green, fragrant, exquisite and elegant, and has become one of the world-famous indoor furnishings in winter.