1. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

second, demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

third, the way of argument: argument and refutation. (Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

4. Common questions and answering skills.

1. The function of analysis and demonstration method: two main points of function. The details are as follows:

①. Demonstration with examples: To demonstrate with specific examples, so as to make the demonstration more specific and convincing.

format: using the method of demonstration with examples, citing … (summarizing examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

② Reasoning argument: Prove the argument by reasoning, making the argument more general and deeper.

format: the argument method of reason argument is used to demonstrate the viewpoint of …, thus making the argument more general and deeper.

③ Metaphorical argument: Prove by metaphor, making the argument vivid and easy to understand.

format: the analogy method is used to compare …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

④ Comparative argument: The function of comparative argument is to highlight.

format: the method of comparative argument is used to compare … with …, highlighting the viewpoint of ….

⑤. Citation argument: Citation argument is more complicated, which is related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of famous people, jokes and anecdotes, etc., and its function should be analyzed in detail. For example, citing famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing anecdotes of celebrities and anecdotes can enhance the interest of argument and attract readers to read.

format: the method of citing argument is used, and the viewpoint of … is proved by quoting … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting to attract readers to read)

2. Analyze the types and functions of arguments: arguments can be divided into two types: reasonable arguments and factual arguments. (1) Clarify the types of arguments; (2), the specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between central arguments and sub-arguments, it is the relationship between proof and being proved. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:

This is an argument, which plays a role in proving ... (Argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

supplementary arguments are popular as a new type of questions. To do this kind of questions, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1) Look clearly at the types of arguments that are required to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous sayings should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous sayings or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

3. The way the article puts forward the central argument:

① The title of the article points out the central argument;

② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;

③. At the end of the article, the central argument is summarized;

④ In the middle of the article, a connecting sentence is used to put forward the central argument.

⑤. The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always focuses on ….

4. Analysis of the argumentation ideas of the article

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion).

To analyze the argumentation idea of argumentative writing is actually to add some words such as "first", "then", "next" and "last" to the paragraph level. When doing this topic, pay special attention to the statement at the beginning and end.

The contents at the beginning are as follows:

(1) Put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

The content at the end:

(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;

(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument of …;

(3) Call for or exhort people to ...;

(4), supplementary argument. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is examined, and its role is to make the argument more rigorous. )

to do this topic is to state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article concretely. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it as follows: firstly, the French thinker Pascal's famous saying "Man is a thinking reed" is quoted to put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then Archimedes and Wilde are cited to prove that "the inner spiritual wealth is cherished more than the external material wealth", and finally, a girl studying on a train is cited as an example to exhort people that "Man should keep pure spiritual pursuit".

5. Analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays:

The angle of analysis of the language characteristics of argumentative essays is relatively fixed, with only two angles: (1) language characteristics; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid, humorous, subtle and euphemistic, rich in literary talent, etc. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that should be paid special attention to is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods, writing techniques, etc.

(1) Rhetoric: if metaphor is used, it can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid images; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poems makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Demonstration method: Talking about the function of reference demonstration method.

(3), the writing technique is relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example argument and reason argument (narration and discussion); (2), give priority to with ... Demonstration method. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples for analysis.

7. Function of paragraph structure:

(1) Lead out (all) the following; (2) Summarize the previous (full) article; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be specifically answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer standard formats for use or adaptation:

①. At the beginning, the central argument … (or the topic leading to …) is put forward by writing an example of ….

② At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

③ At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or anecdotes of …), the central argument … (or the topic of …) was put forward, which also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhanced the interest of the discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".

knowledge and skills in reading expository texts

1. classification

1. from the perspective of explanatory objects: transactional expository texts and rational expository texts.

2. From the language features of explanatory writing: plain explanatory writing and vivid explanatory writing.

Second, the sequence of explanation

Time sequence, spatial order and logical sequence

Specific analysis of logical sequence: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, characteristics-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.

typical question: what order of explanation is used in this article? What's the role?

answer format: this paper uses the order of explanation to explain it, which makes the explanation more organized. (The first blank should fill in the specific order of explanation, and the second blank should fill in the specific name or explanation of things. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rational" and "scientific". )

Third, the methods of explanation

1. The common methods of explanation are: giving examples, classifying, defining, imitating appearance, making explanations, making analogies, listing numbers, listing charts and quoting explanations.

2. Functions of common explanation methods:

①. Examples: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving concrete examples, thus making the explanation more specific and convincing.

② classification: explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

③ comparison: comparing with highlights the characteristics/reasons of things.

④ interpretation: give a concrete explanation of the characteristics/reasons of things, so as to make the explanation easier to understand.

⑤ analogy: compare to, thus vividly explaining the characteristics/reasons of things.

⑥. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, making the explanation more concrete and vivid.

⑦. Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

⑧. List numbers: explain the characteristics/reasons of things with specific data to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

⑨ diagram: explain the characteristics/events of things by diagram, which makes the explanation more concise and intuitive.

⑩. Description of quotation: Description of quotation has the following forms-

a. Citing specific cases; (the function is the same as an example)

B, citing specific data; (Function in the same column)

C, quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

D, quoting myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also plays the role of drawing out the description object. )

Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text

1. Generally speaking, the language analysis of the whole article is discussed from two angles: A, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.

A is the * * * identical feature of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language characteristics of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.

The format is as follows: This article fully embodies the characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", which explains the characteristics/facts of things "……" accurately/vividly/concisely.

2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words

The functions of articles/sentences are basically the same as above.

The function of words can be examined in the following ways:

A. What is the function of adding words? B, can you replace it with another word? C, add some words can be deleted?

This kind of topic is often answered in combination with the characteristics of explaining the accuracy of the language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language). The second question type should also compare the differences between the two in the answer. The third question type should also add the expression "after deletion, it does not conform to the law of people's understanding of objective things or does not conform to objective facts".

5. Analysis of the writing method of explanatory text

1. Talking about

mode by combining explanatory methods: This article mainly uses the explanatory method of …, explaining … (content: characteristics or reasons of things), and making the explanation … (function: refer to the previous explanatory method to clarify its function)

2. Talking about

by combining rhetorical devices.

3. Talk about

narration and description to make the explanation more concrete; Expressing opinions makes the explanation more emotional. Then, from this perspective, the format of the explanatory text is as follows: This article comprehensively uses a variety of expressions, in addition to the explanation, there are … (from "narrative, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), which is the use of … (expression) to make the explanation more concrete/emotional.

VI. Functions of explanatory paragraphs

There are three angles to answer this question:

(1) Functions of structure and content: leading to the following, connecting the preceding with the following, and summarizing the full text/preface. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.

(2), combined with the explanation method.

through the explanation method of ..., it explains ... (the characteristics or things) and makes it explain ... (the function).

Narrative reading knowledge and skills

1. What is the genre of the article? This article is one: poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay, argumentative essay

2. Narrative essay? Time, place, person, cause, process and result of the event < P > 3. Find a topic sentence? Look for the lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph.

4. Content of the article (center)?

method: look at the topic, people (things) and events, and make a comprehensive summary.

format: this article narrates (describes and explains) ... and shows (praises and reveals) ...

5. what are the characteristics of material organization?

select typical events closely around the center, with appropriate tailoring and details.

6. divide levels?

(1) Divide by time (find the phrase indicating time)

(2) Divide by place (find the phrase indicating place)

(3) Divide by the development process of things (find each event)

(4) Total score (cut off the head and cut off the tail)

7. Narrative clues and their functions?

Clues: (1) the core people (2) the core things (3) the core events (4) the time (5) the place (6) the author's emotion

Function: It runs through the context of the whole text, organically connecting the characters and events in the text, and making the article coherent and clear.

8. Draw up a title for the article.

find the clue or center of the article (1) the core person (2) the core thing (3) the core event (6) the author's emotion

9. Fill in the reading card.

look for the original text according to the requirements, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).

1. Narrative sequence and function?

(1) Sequential narration (according to the sequence of events)

Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, and it is clear and impressive to read.

(2) flashback (write the result first, then explain what happened before. )

function: cause suspense.