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Confucius said: "A virtuous person must have kind words, and a kind person may not have virtue. People with benevolence are bound to be brave, but brave people are not necessarily benevolent. "
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This chapter discusses the relationship between "virtue" and "speech", "benevolence" and "courage".
In Confucius culture, "virtue" and "benevolence" are usually synonyms, and "ruling the country by virtue" means "ruling the country by benevolence". Virtue is also commonly known as "benevolence". "Speech" and "wisdom" are interlinked. Wise men talk a lot, and those who speak will be wise. A wise man must have his words, and a wise man does not lose his words. Say a word, and he will know whether it is wisdom or not. Confucius said, "He who knows will keep his word." (Wei Linggong) "A gentleman thinks he knows a word, but actually thinks he doesn't know a word." (Chapter) "Wisdom" and "Speech" are interlinked. This chapter is actually about the relationship between benevolence, wisdom and courage. The Doctrine of the Mean says: "Knowledge, benevolence and courage are the virtues of the world". Benevolence, courage and wisdom, "benevolence" is also called "universal virtue", and "benevolence" includes courage and wisdom. Benevolence is higher than wisdom, and wisdom is higher than courage, which means that courage is not as good as wisdom and wisdom is not as good as benevolence. The benevolent is higher than the brave. There is a dialogue in Shure, which shows that Confucius has different attitudes towards Yan Yuan and Luz. It can be seen that Confucius has different views on the level of the realm of the benevolent and the brave: "Confucius said that Yan Yuan said,' Use is good, while giving up is hidden. Only you and I are right! Lutz said,' If you join the three armed forces, who will join you?' Confucius said:' The tiger is angry and the river is angry, so are those who die without regrets. You must also be afraid of emergencies, and people who are good at it are also successful. ""Here, Confucius praised Yan Yuan as a gentleman and laughed at Lutz's courage. Therefore, Confucius said: "Those who have virtue must have words, those who have words need not have virtue, those who are benevolent must have courage, and those who are brave need not have benevolence." On the relationship between speech, virtue, benevolence and courage. In The Analects of Confucius, Li Chong was quoted as saying: "Being eloquent is specious, but being eloquent is also smart. To paraphrase Chen Zhicheng's defeat, he is also a lobbyist. Talk in spirit, talk in many ways, and the words of scholars are also. The combination of virtue and intonation is a clear training that can be heard all over the world. If there are stones, there will be words of virtue. Therefore, if there is virtue, there must be words, and if there is words, there is no need for virtue. People who walk on land and don't avoid tigers have enough courage to kill their husbands. Fishermen are brave enough to swim without biting dragons. If the blade is in front, it is heroic. Those who know the poor have a life, those who know sometimes retreat from difficulties, and those who are benevolent have courage. Therefore, the benevolent must be brave, and the brave need not be ruthless. "