I will give you two pieces of information.
Information 1:
Explanation summary of the first volume of the eighth-grade textbook "Chinese History"
1. Basic clues
1. The upper and lower limits of modern history
The first volume of junior high school history for eighth grade mainly talks about the modern history of China. This period of history begins with the outbreak of the Sino-British Opium War in 1840 and ends with the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a time span of 110 years. Most previous textbooks limited the time period of modern history to 1840 to 1919. According to the opinions of most experts in the field of history, the lower limit of modern history has been extended to 1949. This is mainly because the basic nature and basic contradictions of Chinese society did not change fundamentally before and after 1919, and the struggle tasks of the Chinese people did not change fundamentally either. .
2． Basic characteristics
It is definitely not very long, but the metabolic rhythm is extremely fast and the historical connotation is very rich.
This period of history is not long in absolute terms, but it is a historical period of violent social turmoil, extremely sharp and complex internal and external conflicts, and extremely rapid social changes. It has gone through the late Qing Dynasty, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, and During the period of the Beiyang Warlords and the Nationalist Government, the metabolic rhythm was very fast. During this period, it was full of contradictory struggles between aggression and counter-invasion, oppression and counter-oppression, change and counter-change, revolution and counter-revolution, and the historical connotation was extremely rich.
Modern China evolved from ancient China. Therefore, modern Chinese history is the continuation and development of ancient Chinese history and an integral part of the general history of China. It can be found that some factors that dominated the changes in traditional Chinese society, such as the traditional political system, feudal royal power, and traditional culture, are still playing a role in modern society and have had an important impact on shaping the face of modern Chinese history. On the other hand, the development of modern history has its own characteristics. One of the important factors is the encounter with Western capitalism, which opened the country's door and forced China into the development process of world capitalism and became a part of the world capitalist system. Therefore, the history of China is not only the history of the development and evolution of Chinese society itself, but also the history of exchanges and collisions between Chinese and Western civilizations; it is the history of China’s semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from its formation to its disintegration; it is also the history of the Chinese nation’s efforts to adapt to the general trend of the world and strive to The history of striving for national independence and national liberation is the history of China exploring the road to modernization and the difficult transformation from tradition to modernity. In a sense, the collision, exchange and integration between China and the West are the key points that should be understood and grasped in the teaching of modern Chinese history.
In addition, another thing to note is that modern history is a period of history that has just passed away. This period of history has a great impact on modern China and directly determines the development direction of modern China. In the current reality Many phenomena can be answered from modern history; conversely, understanding reality often deepens our understanding of modern Chinese history. Therefore, when studying modern Chinese history, we should especially grasp the development process of modern China from the multi-dimensional perspectives of ancient and modern, Chinese and Western, old and new, tradition and modernity, so as to roughly sort out the context of historical evolution.
Therefore, when writing, we always closely follow the historical themes of independence and modernization to construct the framework of teaching materials, paying attention to cultivating students' historical synesthesia, so that students can understand through historical events, characters, and historical phenomena. The historical journey of modern China, understand how generations of people with lofty ideals fought and explored in order to save the nation and revitalize China, how difficult and tortuous these struggles and explorations were, what experiences and lessons it left us, and truly realize from it The truth is that "only socialism can save China" and "without the Communist Party, there would be no new China."
3． The format of the textbook
This textbook has 7 units and 25 lessons. Among them, four inquiry activity lessons are inserted into each unit. The first five units basically introduce the historical development process in chronological order, which is actually a general history style; the last two units "Economy and Social Life" and "Science, Technology, Ideology and Culture" are special histories. This arrangement not only takes into account the requirements of the curriculum standards, but also includes our understanding of the development process of Chinese society over the past 110 years.
The first five units are divided into two parts: the first and second units introduce the history of the first 80 years, including two interrelated clues: one clue is how China sank step by step, that is, China is How it gradually transformed from an independent and complete feudal society into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; another clue is how China strives to rise from its sinking and get rid of being colonized and enslaved, that is, how the Chinese strive for national independence and liberation and explore of the road to modernization. Generally speaking, the former line describes the history of modern China's decline and decline, while the latter line describes the history of China's rise and progress.
The third, fourth and fifth units tell the history of the next 30 years, that is, the history of China’s New Democratic Revolution. This history has several lines: first, the founding of the Communist Party of China and the people's revolutionary struggle led by it; second, the end of the rule of the Beiyang warlords, the Kuomintang's establishment of a national unified regime and the fall of its rule on the mainland; third, the history of the empire the invasion of doctrine. These clues do not exist in isolation, but are intertwined and intertwined. The relationships and contradictions between each other sometimes intensify, sometimes ease, and constantly evolve, collectively shaping the historical outlook of the next 30 years.
The textbook generally arranges historical facts in chronological order, and strives to reveal the intricate contradictory relationships and the basic trajectory of historical evolution during this period.
2. Closely linked to the historical theme of modern China
The relationship between independence and modernization. The basic theme of modern history is the struggle for national independence and the modernization of the country. Independence and modernization are not isolated from each other, but complement each other. In modern times, China was invaded repeatedly and gradually transformed from a sovereign and independent country into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Therefore, striving for national independence is the top priority of the Chinese people. However, the achievement of national independence needs to be based on the strength of the country. To improve China's national strength, there is no other way but to strive for modernization.
1. Pay attention to revealing the characteristics, harm and impact of the invasion of China by the great powers on modern China
The characteristics of the development of the great powers' aggression against China: the scale is getting larger and the degree is getting deeper. In the process of foreign powers' aggression against China, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894 was an important turning point. Before the Sino-Japanese War of Sino-Japanese War, the invasion of China by foreign powers was mainly naked military aggression, and its main purpose was to open China's door; after that, military aggression was combined with political aggression and economic aggression to seize more economic and political rights. In Liang Qichao's words, the aggression of the great powers changed from "visible partition" to "invisible partition". The so-called "tangible partition" mainly refers to the cession of land, the receipt of war reparations, etc.; while the "invisible partition" mainly refers to investment and establishment of factories in China, mining and road construction, opening of banks, political loans to the Qing government, and the division of "leased areas" and spheres of influence. . Compared with the former, the latter's methods of aggression are more subtle and more harmful. By the end of the 19th century, China was in danger of being dismembered and divided. In order to reveal the characteristics of the invasion of China by the great powers at the end of the 19th century and the crisis faced by China, we not only introduced it in the form of tables, but also selected a "Current Situation Map" in the "Picture Reading" after class to visually and intuitively to reveal the basic situation at that time.
Expose the cruelty and harm of aggression by foreign powers. Unit 4 exposes Japan's fascist crimes. Lesson 13: Write a chapter on "Nanjing Massacre". It has both large-character narration and small-character introduction, as well as pictures and enemy materials (Japan's "Tokyo Nichi Shimbun" news reports and pictures about Japanese soldiers' "murderous competition" ), me [Iron-Evidence (1) The Exposure of the Kuomintang Military Doctor] and third-party materials (Irreducible Evidence (2) Contents of the Letter About the Beauty Bedesh). This kind of arrangement of materials exposes the criminal acts of Japanese fascists in a relatively objective and comprehensive manner. It is very convincing and effectively refutes the attempts of Japanese right-wingers to distort history.
2． Pay attention to showing the twists and turns of the national struggle, demonstrating the Chinese nation's unyielding national spirit of not fearing violence and might, and correctly summarizing historical experience
Where there is aggression, there is resistance. All actions aimed at resisting aggression and saving the nation from peril are struggles. The struggle reflects the Chinese nation’s unyielding and unyielding national spirit. Therefore, in a certain sense, a modern history is a history of the Chinese nation’s struggle. We write about the content of struggle in the textbook with emotion. For example, when writing about the border crisis in Lesson 2, we introduced Zuo Zongtang's "Yu Chou Expedition"; when writing about the resistance in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894, we wrote about Deng Shichang's sinking to the bottom of the sea. The fourth unit, "The Anti-Japanese War," uses a large number of examples and materials to highlight the Chinese nation's spirit of sharing the same hatred with the enemy, being brave and tenacious, and not afraid of violence or sacrifice.
There are many forms of resistance. Different forms of resistance have left people with different historical experiences. In this regard, while introducing historical facts, the textbook also makes an appropriate summary of the experience of national struggle. For example, when describing Lin Zexu's anti-British struggle in Lesson 1, while affirming his courage to resist foreign aggression, he also highlighted that he was "the first person to open his eyes to the world" to illustrate the combination of anti-invasion struggle and openness to accept new knowledge. , is the correct way for national struggle.
3． Efforts are made to reflect the tortuous course of social change in modern China, highlight the spirit of the Chinese nation advancing with the times, and allow students to truly understand from the development context of social change in modern China that "only socialism can save China" is the correct history of China's social change. Select
Basic characteristics of social change: Since modern times, around the historical themes of anti-imperialism, anti-feudalism and China’s independence and prosperity, there have been constant struggles and changes, which can be described as waves and waves. These changes show the characteristics of progression from the outside to the inside, from shallow to deep, and one after another. Generally speaking, the latter change is carried out on the basis of deep reflection on the previous change. It is the criticism, inheritance and development of the previous change. It often accommodates some reasonable contents in the previous change process that are in line with the trend of historical development. , but also beyond. These social changes embody the Chinese nation's spirit of advancing with the times. Therefore, when compiling textbooks, we strive to vividly show the tortuous process of modern social change, reveal the connections and transitions between various changes, and clarify the role of each change in promoting China's modernization.
For example, in the process of describing the Chinese people's previous anti-aggression struggles, on the one hand we strive to describe in clear and accurate language the historical trajectory of China's step-by-step decline into semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; on the other hand, we try our best to It is necessary to explain the causal connection between the two Opium Wars and the ideological trend of "learning from the foreigners to control the foreigners" and the rise of the "Westernization Movement" in a concise and clear way.
The causal connection between the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War and the rise of reform, revolution and revolution; the causal connection between the historical twists and turns after the Revolution of 1911 and the emergence of the "May 4th" New Culture Movement and the birth of the Communist Party of China; the Anti-Japanese War and post-war opposition The causal connections between Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship and victory in the Liberation War, etc., guide students to fully understand the spirit of the times of modern China's continuous exploration and advancement, and realize the historical truth that "the road is tortuous, but the future is bright" from historical facts.
The historical journey of modern China is tortuous and arduous. From struggle, failure, and struggle again, the Chinese nation has gradually realized that learning from the achievements of human progress in the world must be consistent with China's national conditions, and China's exploration for independence and modernization must be combined with China's own practice. In the teaching materials, we not only pay attention to fully display the historical journey of modern people with lofty ideals and benevolence who struggled to find the road to save the country, but also give historical affirmation and praise to historical figures and ideological and cultural concepts that were ahead of the trend of the times. At the same time, we also show the metabolic revolution from the perspective of historical change. Laws, summarizing the historical limitations and lessons of past transitional links, allowing students to experience why we finally chose the Communist Party of China and its ideas of social reform from the historical pathos of repeated failures, and understand that "only socialism can save China" "The truth.
3. Strengthen ideological education
The content of the text strives to explain the facts, introduce new historical materials and new research results as much as possible, and discover historical facts or personal cases with profound implications and rich ideological education functions, and more Give full play to the ideological education function. Focusing on the central link of national conditions education, in the compilation of teaching materials, we emphasize the organic penetration of patriotism, national identity, awareness of national worries, correct understanding of social changes, the conflict between Chinese and Western cultures, and the establishment of healthy personality and life attitudes. Strengthen ideological and political education and moral education. The historical fact that the plan to purchase advanced ships before the Sino-Japanese War was stranded leads to an in-depth analysis of the Qing regime's insufficiency in resisting foreign aggression, and the feelings of a person at the time (Wu Yuzhang) were used to illustrate the shock to the psychology of a generation of teenagers; Cixi was defeated by the Eight-Power Allied Forces The flattering attitude when receiving ministers from various countries illustrates the Qing regime's foreign attitude and pave the way for the historical necessity of the Revolution of 1911.
The photos, small print and "reading cards" in Lesson 14 tell the story of Nie Rongzhen and the two rescued Japanese little girls. In particular, the letter to the Japanese officers and soldiers was simple in words, awe-inspiring, and sincere and touching. It not only explained the situation, but also denounced the crimes of Japanese militarism. It reflected the international humanitarian spirit of the Chinese people and was in sharp contrast to the barbaric brutality of the Japanese army. This material is an excellent teaching material for educating China and Japan on the correct view of past historical issues, and is also a powerful criticism of Japan's right-wing forces.
In the text, we have also appropriately included some famous sayings and ballads with ideological and educational significance, such as Tan Sitong’s desperate poems, Chen Duxiu’s quotations about democracy and science, the famous Anti-Japanese War song "On the Songhua River", Ji Hongchang's words of martyrdom for the country, Yang Hucheng's "Don't forget the national humiliation" handwriting, Zhang Xueliang's telegram of determination to resist the war, and "Song of the Eight Hundred Heroes" to enhance students' patriotism, sense of national identity, awareness of national distress and spirit of change.
IV. Two units are specially designed to introduce the economy, social life, science and technology and ideological culture of modern China
Since modern times, the country has been opened, and new things have poured in from all directions, promoting It promoted the exchange, collision and integration of Chinese and Western civilizations, thus promoting tremendous changes in modern China's economy, culture, education, science and technology and people's social life. Although these contents were introduced in previous textbooks, they were relatively brief. In fact, these changes are closely related to people's daily lives. For example, the advancement of transportation and communication methods has changed people's daily lives, promoted social and economic development, and changed people's ideas; the development of mass media has played a vital role in the rapid transmission of information, the dissemination of cultural knowledge, the development of social education, and social life. The expansion of social customs, including hairstyles, clothing, titles, etiquette and other social customs, implies changes in social concepts, which is a transformation of the entire society from closed to open, from inequality to equality. It is an inevitable requirement and a reflection of social progress. All of these have had a great impact on modern China, which perfectly reflects the historical characteristics of modern China in the process of rapid social changes and modernization.
Therefore, we have arranged two units, with a total capacity of 7 lessons, to introduce this knowledge. The origins and processes of these changes allow students to fully experience the speed of change in the past century and understand the driving force and methods of social change from the old and new changes. Some of the contents of these two units are written with emotions. For example, when Lesson 18 introduces the "tortuous development of national industry", there is an introduction to the deeds of a group of national capitalists represented by Zhang Jian who have unswervingly promoted the development of China's national industry; when Lesson 23 introduces the development of modern science and technology, it introduces the development of modern science and technology. The description of the achievements of engineers, technicians and scientists such as Zhan, Hou, Li and Hua who paved the way for the development of China's science and technology industry is also hoped to inspire the patriotic enthusiasm of young students and inspire their ambition to serve the country.