Wang Guowei (1877-1927), whose courtesy name was Jing'an and whose name was Guantang, was born in Haining, Zhejiang. He was a famous scholar with an international reputation in modern my country. Since 1903, he has taught in normal schools in Tongzhou, Suzhou and other places, teaching philosophy, psychology, logic and authoring "Jing'an Collected Works". Since 1907, he has served as editor of the Academic Library. He has been engaged in research on the history of Chinese opera and lyrics. He has written "Qu Lu", "A Study of Song and Yuan Operas", "Human Ci", etc. He attaches great importance to the status of novels and operas in literature and created a The trend of studying the history of opera had a great influence on the literary and artistic circles at that time. After the Revolution of 1911, he regarded himself as an old man from the Qing Dynasty. Even when he was old, Wang Guowei did not cut off his braids as a symbol of the times. In 1913, he turned to the study of classics and history, specializing in ancient philology, ancient artifacts, and ancient history and geography. He successively devoted himself to ancient artifacts, oracle bone inscriptions, Qilu seal seals, Han and Wei steles, Han and Jin bamboo slips, and Dunhuang and Tang scripts. , northwest geography, ancient history of Yin, Zhou, Qin and Han, and Mongolian history, etc., and also did a lot of collation and annotation of ancient books. He was rigorous in his history, superb in research, trustworthy and decisive, and not limited by prejudice. He advocated using underground historical materials to compile historical materials. He was able to discover many things that had not been discovered by anyone before him, and he had an influence on the academic style of historiography for a generation. In the spring of 1923, when Puyi's small court wanted to select domestic scholars with master's degrees, Wang Guowei Jingshengyun recommended him to Beijing to serve as the South Study Assistant (fifth grade) of the late emperor Puyi. In the winter of the following year, Feng Yuxiang's "forced palace" incident occurred, and Wang Guowei ended his "South Study Walk" work. Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang and others invited him to serve as the dean of the newly established Institute of Chinese Studies at Tsinghua University. Wang Guowei refused and was only appointed as a professor. With his profound knowledge, sincere style of study, scientific research methods and simple life, Wang Guowei influenced Tsinghua scholars have trained and created a group of experts and scholars in philology, history, and archaeology. At that time, together with Liang Qichao, Chen Yinke, and Zhao Yuanren, he was known as the "professor of professors" among the four major mentors of Tsinghua University. He committed suicide by drowning in the Summer Palace in Beijing in 1927, leaving deep tremors and regrets in the Chinese intelligentsia, and also leaving a mystery to future generations. At that time, some elders of the Qing Dynasty compared Wang Guowei to Qu Yuan who committed suicide in Miluo because of his loyalty. "Manuscript of Qing History" also established a "Biography of Loyalty and Yi" for him. Mr. Lu Xun, who has always been harsh on reputations, believed that "he can be regarded as a figure who studies Chinese studies" ("Refeng·Unintelligible Transliteration"). Guo Moruo called him the founder of new history.

Lu Xun, writer, thinker, revolutionary. His original name was Zhou Shuren and his nickname was Hencai. A native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang. He started studying at the age of seven and studied at Sanwei Bookstore from Mr. Shou Jingwu at the age of twelve. When he was thirteen years old, a big change occurred in his family, and the financial situation gradually became difficult. Then his father became ill and could not afford it, which made him suffer from cold looks and contempt, and "see the true face of the world." In 1898, he left his hometown and was admitted to the Jiangnan Naval Academy in Nanjing; later he transferred to the Mining Road School attached to the Jiangnan Naval Academy. After graduating in early 1902, he was selected to study in Japan. He first studied medicine, and later, in order to change the national spirit, he gave up medicine and studied literature. Returned to China in August 1909. After the Revolution of 1911, he was invited by Cai Yuanpei to work in the Ministry of Education of the Nanjing Provisional Government, and later moved to Peking with the ministry. In 1918, he published the first vernacular novel "A Madman's Diary" of New Literature in "New Youth", officially starting his brilliant creative career. By 1926, he had successively published short story collections "The Scream" and "Wandering". The "April 12" counter-revolutionary coup made a leap forward in his thinking, from which the evolution theory became the leading thought to the Marxist class theory thought. When the "Left-Left Alliance" was established in March 1930, he was recommended as a member of the Standing Committee and became the leader of the left-wing cultural movement under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The essays written in the next ten years are more profound and sharp, like daggers and spears, full of the spirit of materialistic dialectics. These works are collected in "Ji Ji Ji", "San Xian Ji", "Er Xin Ji", "Nan Qian Bei Diao Ji", "Pseudo Free Letter", "Quan Feng Yue Tan", "Lace Literature", "Qiejieting Essays", etc. Special concentration. He died of illness in Shanghai on October 19, 1936. Mao Zedong believed that Lu Xun was "the greatest and most heroic flag-bearer of the New Cultural Army" and "the most enthusiastic and unprecedented national hero". "He was not only a great writer, but also a great thinker and a great revolutionist"; "Lu Xun's direction is the direction of the new culture of the Chinese nation."

Liang Qichao (1873-1929), also known as Zhuoru and Ren Gong, his main pen names include Ai Shi Ke, Yin Bing Zi, Yin Bing Room Master, Xin Min Zi, China's Xin Min, Free Zhai Master, The master of the Manshu Room, the young man of Young China, etc.

A native of Xinhui, Guangdong. He is a famous political activist, thinker, writer and scholar of the bourgeois reformists in modern China. His life spanned two periods: the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China; his achievements included both political and academic aspects.

Liang Qichao was born in a family that was half-farming and half-educated. He was smart since he was a child. He began to study the Four Books and Five Classics at the age of four. He could write eight-part essays with thousands of words at the age of nine. He was a scholar at the age of twelve and a scholar at the age of sixteen. Successful candidates. In 1890, when he was seventeen years old, he worshiped Kang Youwei as his teacher. He studied with Kang Youwei for four years. Under the influence of Kang Youwei, he began to explore the reform method to save the country from danger. In June 1894, he followed Kang Youwei to Beijing to participate in the imperial examination. In July, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. The following year, China was defeated and signed the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was humiliating and humiliating to the country. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao jointly submitted a letter to the emperor with more than 1,300 candidates who participated in the joint examination in Beijing, demanding that they refuse to sign the peace treaty, move the capital to resist the war, and implement reforms to strengthen the country. This is the famous "letter on the bus". It aroused strong repercussions from all walks of life. In July of this year, "China and Foreign Affairs Journal", the first publication to promote the reform and reform, was founded in Beijing, with Liang Qichao as the main writer. In August, the reform group "Strengthening the Society" was established, and Liang was appointed secretary, becoming Kang Youwei's right-hand man in carrying out reform activities.

Liang Qichao had an indissoluble bond with librarianship in the second half of his life. In 1916, General Cai E (also known as Songpo), who opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne, died of illness. Liang Qichao wrote to President Li Yuanhong "Accepting Kuai Xuetang's proposal to establish Songpo Library", requesting Beihai Kuai Xuetang to establish a library. This proposal was approved. Songpa Library was established in 1923. The back verandah is dedicated to Cai E and the martyrs who died in the War to Protect the Country, and the library is built on the front pavilion. To this end, Liang Qichao wrote "Songpa Library Notes" and "Songpa Library Encourage for Donations", calling on all sectors of society to care about the library's book collection construction and fund preparation, and "with the help of everyone, we can achieve great success". In a short period of time, Songpa Library has made great progress.

In May 1925, the Chinese Library Association was established in Beijing. Liang Qichao attended and gave a "speech" at the meeting, describing the goals of "building Chinese library science" and "cultivating library management talents" importance, and proposed the specific tasks of the Chinese Library Association: (1), "Effectively organize the two specialized groups of classification and cataloging...to create an extremely dense and convenient catalog, so that this catalog can not only be applied to the whole country, but also And it can be applied to the Chinese books in foreign libraries. "Choose a suitable city and build a large-scale library. This is because it will be used as a research center by library scholars across the country." If there is insufficient financial resources, there will be insufficient talents. Instead of being greedy for too much and causing too much trouble but poor quality, it is better to concentrate on running the 'one' model museum first, so as not to worry about branching out in the future. "(3) , "There is a specialized library school in this model library. In addition to teaching modern library science, it also focuses on the construction of 'Chinese library science'." (4). Unlike private libraries, this library " Promote no charge" and "allow borrowing books to go out". (5) "Raise additional funds to compile similar books." At this meeting, the Chinese Library Association held the first meeting of the board of directors and elected Liang Qichao as chairman.

In 1925, Liang Qichao concurrently served as the director of the National Capital Library (located in Fangjia Hutong) and the Beijing Library (located in Qingxiao Tower, Beihai). He resigned in June 1927 and became the director of the library. The job lasted for more than a year.

From 1925 to before Liang Qichao died of illness in 1929, Liang Qichao did a lot of practical work for Chinese librarianship, the focus of which was also on "building Chinese library science" and "cultivating library management talents" On two matters. On December 20, 1925, Liang Qichao wrote in a letter to Deputy Director Li Siguang and Director of Libraries Yuan Tongli: "Japan cannot ignore the purchase of books...the most important ones are several specialized magazines, and it is best to search them from No. 1 , buy a full copy, such as "Historical Magazine", "History", "China Studies", "Buddhist Studies", "Religious Studies", "Buddhist Journal", "Oriental Studies", "Diplomatic Times", etc. "The letter to Zhang Yuanji on April 14, 1926 said: "I am fascinated by the news that the Oriental Library has purchased the collection of Meng Ping and Jiang's Miyun Tower... If there is a copy of it and can be given to me, I would like to send it to Beijing. If the library wants to win points, scholars from the north and the south will receive generous benefits, which is not a grand event. "

Liang Qichao spent even more energy on obtaining funds for the library's office and book purchases. On July 5, 1926, Liang Qichao wrote to Li Siguang and Yuan Tongli: "I have heard that the Japanese Oriental Culture Society is eyeing the old home of the Fang family. It seems that our museum must take advantage of this moment to catch up...

"In the letter from Ren Zhiqing and others, he said: "There are many Chinese treasures in the museum, but the name of the curator of servant corpses is not mentioned. If there is any danger, who will be responsible? I haven't been able to sleep well for half a year because of this. "On October 15, 1926, he wrote another letter to Zhang Dongsun: "This museum was built with Meigeng funds, but the funds are extremely limited. The opening cost is only one million yuan, including construction and book purchase (the current construction fee is only six million yuan). 100,000 yuan is really not a show-off, and the remaining 350,000 yuan is for purchasing books), which cannot be allocated, and the monthly regular expenses are only 3,000 yuan. "Even as a last resort, he pledged the insurance policies he bought from Yongnian Insurance Company for more than ten years to Beijing Tongyi Trust Company to support fund turnover. In half a year, *** advanced 9,750 Yuan.

In 1927, Liang Qichao resigned from his position as curator due to physical condition. On January 19, 1929, Liang Qichao died of illness in Peking Union Medical College Hospital.

Kang Youwei (1858-1927) Assets in the late Qing Dynasty. He was the leader of the class reformists and later the leader of the royalists. He was born in Nanhai, Guangdong, and studied traditional Confucianism from Jian Fengyi in his early years. Zhu Ciqi studied, Zhu advocated "Educating people and managing the world, not using useless empty talk", he tried his best to get rid of the views of the Han and Song dynasties, and returned to Confucius. Kang Youwei was influenced by him, and he began to feel that he was "burying himself in piles of ancient papers." "Lingming, abandon it" and "sit quietly to nourish the mind". The national crisis and the stimulation of reality made him doubt the old learning. In 1879, he came into contact with Western capitalist ideas and the reform trend of the time. After traveling to Hong Kong, he thought "Westerners have laws for governing the country." In 1882, he went to Shanghai and read various translations of Western books and newspapers, and began to look for the truth in the West. In 1885, he wrote "Kangzi's Internal and External Chapters" and "The Complete Book of Shili Gongfa", hoping to achieve "equality." "Gongtong". In 1886, he wrote "Teaching General Discussion", which advocated "teaching through teaching", "expounding the past to reflect the present", respecting the Duke of Zhou, and advocating "Zhou Li", in an attempt to combine ancient and modern Chinese and Western learning and improve politics. 1888 October In September, in view of the "increasing decline of national power" and the dangerous situation after the Sino-French War, he wrote to Emperor Guangxu for the first time, pointing out that Japan "waited for Jilin in the east, Britain opened Tibetan guards and peeked at Sichuan and Yunnan in the west, and Russia built a railway in the north and forced prosperity. Beijing. "The law incited the people to seize Yunnan and Guangdong in the south", and proposed three things: turning into law, understanding people's emotions, and being cautious about left and right. After returning to Guangdong, he was inspired by Liao Ping, a scholar of modern classics, to "make the modern learning correct". 1890-1893 , gathered disciples in Guangzhou and Guilin to give lectures, and wrote "Changxing Xue Ji" and "Gui Xue Q&A", advocating that "to study reluctantly, the key is to go against the Changwei." "Using Jinwen classics to emphasize change, the "Three Unifications" theory in "Gongyang Zhuan" is elaborated into the theory of "reform" and "reform", and the "Three Ages" theory is deduced into "turbulent times" and "prosperous times" ("Xiaokang Era") "), the social and historical evolution process of the "Taiping Era" ("Datong"), believing that only reform can make China prosperous and strong, and finally reach the state of "Datong". In 1891, the "Xinxue Apocrypha Examination" was published, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty Since then, there have been many forgeries of Confucian classics by Liu Xin, which was the study of the Xin Mang Dynasty and was "not the classic of Confucius" (see Jing Jin Gu Li). "Abide by the ancestral teachings" to prepare theoretical conditions for removing obstacles to reform and reform. Then he compiled "Confucius' Reform", respected Confucius as the leader, and proposed reforms in the name of Confucius. In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out. When the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" was signed, he was in Beijing for the conference. He was shocked and indignant when he heard the news that he had negotiated peace with Japan and ceded the Fengtian border and Taiwan Province. More than a hundred people launched a "public petition" to express their concern about the current situation, requesting the rejection of peace, moving the capital, training troops, and reform. They also proposed specific reform measures in various aspects such as politics, economy, culture and education, and initially formed the foundation of bourgeois reformism. The program of the reform. After the examination results were issued, Kang De was awarded the title of Jinshi and was appointed as the head of the Ministry of Engineering. On May 29, in the "Third Letter of the Shangqing Emperor", he once again elaborated on the reasons and steps for the reform, and proposed to enrich the country, nourish the people, and nourish scholars. , the strategy of self-strengthening and avenging shame. Then, he published the "Fourth Letter" and formally proposed the idea of ??"setting up a parliament to communicate with the people below". On August 17, he created the "Gunmit of All Nations" to promote the "benefits of the new law". In the middle of the month (some say it is August), he founded the Qiang Society with the imperialist enlightened bureaucrats Wen Tingshi, Chen Chi and others, and changed the name of "The Gazette of All Nations" to "China and Foreign Journals". Then he went to Shanghai to establish the Qiang Society and founded the "Qiang Xue Journal". , promoted the establishment of societies and newspapers in various places, and advocated reform and reform. In November 1897, when Germany occupied Jiaozhou Bay, Kang rushed to Beijing and wrote to Emperor Guangxu, demanding that "the country be established by adopting France and Russia, and that a large number of talents should be gathered to seek political change." , let the ministers in the border areas change their own laws." He also issued a serious warning to Emperor Guangxu that the country would be destroyed if the laws were not changed.

On January 24, 1898, Emperor Guangxu ordered the king and ministers to summon Kang Youwei to the Prime Minister's International Affairs Office for questioning. Kang refuted Ronglu's stubborn thought that "the laws of the ancestors are immutable" and Li Hongzhang's conservative thought of maintaining the status quo, and described the necessity and specific measures for reform. After Weng Tong's report and recommendation, Kang Youwei wrote a letter to coordinate the overall situation, and asked the ministers to determine the state affairs and set up institutional bureaus to implement the new system. In April, the Protection Association was established in Beijing with the purpose of "protecting the country, species, and education." According to the suggestions of Weng Tong□, Xu Zhijing, Yang Shenxiu and others, Emperor Guangxu issued an edict on June 11 to clarify the state affairs and announce the reform. Kang Youwei was also summoned by Emperor Guangxu on June 16 and was highly relied upon. Kang also submitted his works "An Examination of Peter's Reform in Russia" and "An Examination of Japan's Political Reform". During the reform period, Kang Youwei repeatedly made memorials, drafted edicts, put forward reform suggestions on politics, economy, military, culture and education, etc., and worked hard with Tan Siping to plan the New Deal, hoping to change China's national system and society according to the model of Western capitalist countries. system to save the nation from peril (see the Reform Movement of 1898). Kang Youwei and other reformers, with the support of Emperor Guangxu, united with some imperial party bureaucrats. Although they rejected the old proposals and were determined to reform, they were strongly opposed by the stubborn forces headed by the Empress Dowager Cixi, who were always ready to destroy the New Deal. On September 21, the Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup and put Kang on a wanted list for "forming a party for personal gain and gossiping to disrupt the government." Kang Youwei fled from Beijing to Shanghai, transferred to Hong Kong, left Hong Kong for Japan, arrived in Canada, crossed the Atlantic to England, and then returned to Canada. On July 20, 1899, he founded the Loyalist Association with Li Fuji and others with the purpose of saving Emperor Guangxu and eliminating diehard forces such as Empress Dowager Cixi, Ronglu, Gangyi, etc., and became the leader of the royalist faction. The following year, the Boxer Rebellion broke out. He advocated "helping outsiders attack the bandits to save them" and mobilized the independent army "Qin Wang" chaired by Tang Cichang and others. Although he promised to raise funds overseas, he delayed sending them. The self-reliant army failed immediately due to its vague purpose and lack of funds. Kang also did nothing more. From 1901 to 1903, he wrote the "Book of Datong", "Commentary on the Doctrine of the Mean", "Commentary on the Analects of Confucius", and "Examination of the Great Meanings of Spring and Autumn Bi Cut" in India, expounding the "step-by-step" and "cannot wait and see" restructuring theories, and opposed the asset class revolutionary movement. In 1907, the Royalist Association was renamed the National Constitutional Association (later officially designated as the "Imperial Constitutional Association") and became a political group that promoted the implementation of constitutional government by the Qing government. After the success of the Revolution of 1911, Kang still believed that "Anti-Japanese and political systems cannot be implemented in China" and advocated "Anti-Monarch and Anti-Japanese Harmony". returning to the country in 1913, he edited the magazine "Intolerance" in Shanghai, published speeches against anti-Japanese war and preserved the quintessence of the Chinese nation, and served as president of the Confucian Church. In 1917, he and Zhang Xun planned the restoration of Puyi (see Zhang Xun's Restoration), but it failed quickly. In his later years, he founded Tianyou College in Shanghai to teach Chinese studies. Kang wrote a lot of works in his life. According to some statistics, there are 139 kinds. Taiwan's Jiang Guilin compiled "Collection of Mr. Kang Nanhai's Posthumous Works", "Wanmu Thatched Cottage Posthumous Manuscripts", "Wanmu Thatched Cottage Posthumous Manuscripts", etc.

Zhang Taiyan (1869-1936): His original name was Xuecheng and his courtesy name was Uncle Mei. Later he was renamed Binglin and his nickname was Taiyan. He was a native of Yuhang, Zhejiang Province. He studied classics and history from Yu Yue. In 1897, he served as a writer for "Shiwu Bao" and editor of "Jing Shi Bao". He was wanted for participating in the reform movement. In 1898, he fled to Taiwan and worked as a reporter for "Taipei Daily". In 1899, he traveled east to Japan and met Sun Yat-sen. In 1902, he launched a commemoration meeting in Tokyo to commemorate the 242nd anniversary of the fall of China, calling for the overthrow of the Manchu Qing government. Xuan Huiguo, together with Cai Yuanpei and other leaders, organized the China Education Association and established the Patriotic Society. In 1903, he published a revolutionary article in the Soviet Union and was arrested and imprisoned. After being released from prison in 1906, he traveled east to Japan, joined the China Alliance, and edited the Min Bao. Later, he reorganized the Guangfuhui with Tao Chengzhang and others and served as president. After the Revolution of 1911, Shanghai was restored and he returned to China and propagated that "the revolutionary army is booming but the revolutionary party is disappearing." After Song Jiaoren was assassinated, he participated in the anti-Yuan struggle. In July 1917, he was appointed Secretary-General of the Generalissimo's Office in Guangzhou. In 1922, the Federation for Provincial Autonomy Promotion Association was organized in Shanghai. In 1924, the Kuomintang, which broke away from Sun Yat-sen and was reorganized, established the Zhang Family Chinese Studies Seminar in Suzhou. He died of illness in Suzhou in 1936.

Yan Fu (1853-1921), whose original name was Zongguang, also known as Youling, later changed his name to Fu, whose given name was Jidao, was born in Houguan, Fujian. As a boy, Yan Fu was admitted to the shipping school in his hometown and received extensive education in natural sciences. From 1877 to 1879, Yan Fu and others were sent to study in the UK. They first entered the University of Portsmouth and then transferred to the Greenwich Naval Academy. While studying abroad, Yan Fu became interested in British social politics, dabbled in a large number of bourgeois political academic theories, and especially admired Darwin's theory of evolution.

After returning to China, Yan Fu moved from the naval world to the ideological world, actively advocated enlightenment education in Western learning, and completed the translation of the famous "Tianyan Lun". His translation is not only different from Huxley's original work, but also different from Spencer's universal view of evolution. In "The Theory of Heaven's Evolution", Yan Fu used the biological evolution theory of "natural selection" and "survival of the fittest" to elaborate on his views on saving the nation and seeking to survive. He advocated encouraging people's strength, enlightening people's wisdom, new people's morality, self-reliance and "victory with heaven". ” was widely circulated in the intellectual circles at that time. His famous translations include Adam Smith's "Original Rich", Spencer's "Essays on Learning", Montesquieu's "The Will of Law", etc. For the first time, he translated Western classical economics, Political science theories as well as natural science and philosophical theories were relatively systematically introduced into China, enlightening and educating a generation of Chinese people. After the Revolution of 1911, the Capital University was renamed Peking University. In 1912, Yan Fu was appointed by Yuan Shikai to serve as the president of Peking University, which also illustrates Yan Fu's convincing and prominent position in the ideological and academic circles. At this time, Yan Fu's comparative view of Chinese and Western cultures matured, and he began to enter a stage of self-reflection, tending to return to traditional culture. He worried that China would lose its “national identity” and become “empty like a fish out of water, like a lame person walking on crutches, like a weak person relying on opium to get ahead. This is called losing its identity.” "nature," and "those who lose their nature cannot survive for a long time." Out of such a deeper concern for the future and destiny of the Chinese nation, Yan Fu once tried to integrate the liberal arts and classics at Peking University. It was entirely used to correct the old learning, "to keep the Yilun moral articles that have been passed down by the saints for four or five thousand years in our country from falling into obscurity." This behavior was considered well-intentioned at the time, but it was also because it went against the trend. And because of this, he has been criticized by the world.

Zheng Guanying (1842.7.24-1922.5), whose real name was Guanying, had the courtesy name Zhengxiang, his nickname was Taozhai, and his aliases were Qi Yousheng, a native of Muyongshan and a native of Daiheshan. A native of Xiangshan (now Zhongshan), Guangdong. His father, Zheng Wenrui, was a scholar with no fame. He set up a school in his hometown to teach disciples and urged Zheng Guanying to study Tie Kuo's studies. In the eighth year of Xianfeng's reign (1858), Ying Tongzi failed the examination, so he traveled to Shanghai at the order of his father, abandoned school and engaged in business, and "worked around" for his uncle Zheng Tingjiang, who was the comprador of Xinde Foreign Company in Shanghai. The following year, he was introduced by relatives and friends to work at Shanghai's top British businessman Baoshun Matheson. In the winter of the same year, he was sent to Tianjin to inspect business. Ten years later (1860), he returned to Shanghai and took charge of the silk shop of the foreign company and also took charge of the ship collection matters. At the same time, he entered the Yinghua Library night school run by the Englishman Fryer to learn English, and developed a strong interest in Western political and economic knowledge. In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), Baoshun Foreign Company went bankrupt, and Zheng Guanying was transferred to the general manager of Shengxiang Tea House, and invested in the joint venture of the Fair Steamship Company. In the twelfth year (1873), he participated in the founding of the Taikoo Shipping Company. The following year, he was employed as the company's prime minister and concurrently managed accounting offices, warehouses and other matters. Zheng Guanying began to open commercial institutions and financial institutions at major ports on the Yangtze River. Taikoo's shipping business was quite prosperous. Zheng Guanying also invested in industry, and successively participated in enterprises such as the Steamship Merchants Bureau, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Papermaking Company, and Shanghai Machinery Weaving Layout. He also donated funds and donated money to obtain the titles of doctor and Taoist priest. He also worked with Li Hongzhang and other Westernization officials. Payment is getting deeper day by day. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), he compiled and published the book "Yi Yan" which reflected his reformist thoughts. The book proposed a series of internal affairs reform measures centered on national wealth, advocated learning from the West, and organizing personnel to make Western countries rich and powerful. Bing's books were translated and spread widely throughout the world, allowing everyone to learn from them. He also advocated the use of machine production, accelerated the development of industry and commerce, encouraged business people to invest in industry, and encouraged private mining, shipbuilding, and railways. He expressed strong dissatisfaction with the tariff policy of unequal taxation for Chinese and foreign merchants, and advocated a protective tariff policy of "the owners of our country are taxed lightly to expand their exports, and those who are not owned by our country are taxed heavily to curb their sources." Zheng Guanying also vigorously promoted the Western parliamentary system in "Yi Yan" and advocated that China should implement changes in the political system and implement a constitutional monarchy. In the fourth year of Guangxu (1878), Li Hongzhang, the governor of Zhili, commissioned Zheng Guanying to organize the Shanghai Machinery Weaving Layout. In the sixth year (1880), Zheng Guanying was officially appointed as the general office of the Organizational Layout, and then Zheng Guanying was appointed as the general office of the Shanghai Telegraph Bureau. In eight years (1882), after the expiration of his employment period with Swire Pacific, Zheng Guanying officially left Swire and accepted Li Hongzhang's appointment as assistant director of the Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau, which was almost unsustainable at the time. At the beginning of taking office, Li Hongzhang drafted 16 articles of the "Corruption Relief Outline" and put forward a series of suggestions in terms of recruiting and employing people, matching responsibilities, clear rewards and punishments, increasing profits, reducing consumption, etc. and put them into practice.

Externally, in order to prevent price-cutting competition from Swire and Jardine Matheson, Zheng Guanying personally negotiated with the two foreign companies and signed a flat-price contract. Due to his internal and external management, the turnover and stock market value of the Steamship Merchants Group increased significantly. In October of the ninth year (1883), Li Hongzhang promoted Zheng Guanying to the general office of the Steamship Investment Promotion Bureau. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), the Sino-French war broke out. Zheng Guanying recommended himself and was recommended by Wang Zhichun. Peng Yulin, the Minister of Defense for Eastern Guangdong, transferred Zheng Guanying to Guangdong to take charge of the Hunan Army Camp Affairs Office. Peng Yulin and Zhang Zhidong, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned to attack Saigon, where the French army's grain and grass were stored. Zheng Guanying was sent to Saigon, Vietnam, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and other places to spy on the enemy's situation, and they also planned to contact people from all over Southeast Asia to attack the French army. Shortly after returning to Guangzhou, the French fleet attacked Taiwan. Zheng Guanying proposed a decisive battle with the French army and made seven recommendations for the battle. Xuan was appointed to handle matters of aid to Taiwan, and Zheng Guanying immediately went to Hong Kong to charter a ship to transport troops, grain, grass and ammunition to Taiwan. At the same time, Zheng Guanying was entangled in the organization plan and the Swire Shipping Company compensation case. The previous case was due to the tightening of money in the Shanghai market during the Sino-French War and the sharp decline in stocks. As a result, the organization could not recover the money it had loaned out and suffered losses. Jing Yuanshan and others were appointed by the Qing government to clean up the affairs of the bureau and discovered that the General Office Gong Shoutu had embezzled public funds, but Gong Shoutu falsely accused Zheng Guanying of poor management. Zheng Guanying had to pay 20,000 gold to settle the case. In the latter case, Yang Guixuan, the successor recommended by Zheng Guanying when he left Swire, mismanaged the company and misappropriated company funds, causing Swire to lose more than 100,000 yuan. Swire invoked the law that the guarantor has an obligation to repay debts and detained Zheng Guanying in Hong Kong to pursue compensation. After these two cases, Zheng Guanying was exhausted mentally and physically. On October 13, the 10th year of Guangxu (1884), he lamented in a letter to Sheng Xuanhuai: "My fortune has been bumpy in the past few years, and many things have gone against me. As a result, my boss and friends are blamed externally, and my father, brother, and wife are complaining internally. I am in a dilemma and have no way to appeal." But now that his reputation has been ruined, he cannot win the trust of others. Although he begged for mercy everywhere, he finally found it difficult to accept it. "So he retired to Macao and devoted all his energy to revising and rewriting "Yi Yan" until the 20th year of Guangxu (1894). "Warnings in the Prosperous Age", which embodies his mature and complete reform system, has finally been completed. "Warnings in the Prosperous Age" runs through the theme of "prosperity and strength to save the country", puts forward practical plans for reforms in politics, economy, military, diplomacy, culture and other aspects, and provides a message for the frustrated and confused late Qing Dynasty after the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. A good medicine to save the world from danger. Zhang Zhidong, a cadre of foreign affairs officers, commented after reading "Warnings of the Prosperous Age": "Although there are many books on current affairs, they are not as detailed as this book's overall overall situation." "If you use it to help the world, it can be called a good medicine; if you use it to store talents, it can be like a golden needle." What "Warning Statements in the Shengshi" surpassed other thinkers of the same period in terms of politics is that it proposed the implementation of parliamentary politics with a constitutional monarchy in China; this idea had already been revealed in "Yi Yan", and it was even more so in "Weiyan" by Zhang Dazhi. He believed that "the autocratic regime is good for officials and outsiders. Those who are good for officials use pressure to exploit the people; those who are good for outsiders use official power to oppress the people." He strongly advocated the speedy implementation of a constitutional monarchy in response to the Qing government's stubbornness on this issue. and tough attitude, as well as the effectiveness of the implementation of constitutional monarchy in Britain and Japan. Zheng Guanying said angrily, "You still say that the parliament is not feasible? And you still say that China is not urgent enough to do it? Ugh! Oh!" and advocated giving the parliament the power to "take over the power of the common people" Program" power. In order to implement the constitutional monarchy smoothly, Zheng Guanying also proposed a series of supporting internal affairs reforms, advocating the widespread publication of newspapers so that the lower levels could reach the upper levels, and play a role in public opinion supervision over officials, large and small, so as to encourage good and punish evil, and promote benefits and eliminate disadvantages. It advocates reforming the official selection system. Officials should be elected by the people, and redundant officials should be eliminated and those who are old should be eliminated. "Hire famous teachers and open art schools widely." He believed that to make the country strong, we must attach importance to Western learning, develop education, and pay attention to the cultivation of new talents who master Western astronomy, geography, and humanities. He said that according to the educational regulations of various countries in ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad, to achieve the effect of prosperity and strength, in school, "art" The number of courtyards increases, books and materials are prepared day by day, manufacturing becomes more and more extensive, and the country becomes stronger and stronger." It advocates vigorously translating Western books, reforming the imperial examination, adding new subjects such as Gezhi, electronics, and medicine, and recruiting talents who are proficient in Western learning. In terms of economics, Zheng Guanying put forward the famous "business war" theory. He believed that the purpose of the Western powers' invasion of China was to turn China into their "place to draw materials and make profits," so he used "military warfare" and "commercial warfare" to deal with China, and commercial warfare was more sophisticated than military warfare. Being secretive, the harm is greater. As the saying goes, "the annexation of soldiers can easily cause harm to others, but the annexation of merchants can destroy the country invisible." He advocated that "Westerners use commerce as a means of warfare...since they came through commerce, we should also go out through commerce." Since "my business will not flourish, his greed will also continue."

Only by building a country based on commerce, and by supporting industry with commerce, "if you want to control Westerners and strengthen yourself, it is better to revitalize commerce." As soon as the book came out, it shocked the government and the public. People from all walks of life rushed to read it, and there was an endless stream of people asking for the book. Even printing it again and again was not enough, and even the current affairs discussed in the book were often used as topics in examinations. Sun Jianai, the Minister of Rites, recommended the book to Emperor Guangxu. Guangxu sighed after reading it and ordered it to be distributed to ministers for reading. The book's ideas not only influenced the ideological circles at that time, but also benefited later generations. For example, Kang Youwei and Sun Yat-sen were greatly influenced by the book. Mao Zedong often read "Warnings in the Prosperous Age" when he was young. In March of the seventeenth year of Guangxu (1891), Zheng Guanying, who had been dormant for a long time, asked Sheng Xuanhuai to recommend him, and was appointed by Li Hongzhang as the general office of the Guangdong Bureau of Kaiping Coal Mine, responsible for purchasing land to build factories and filling in docks. The next year, Li Hongzhang once again appointed him as the assistant manager of the China Merchants Bureau to rectify the sluggish China Merchants Bureau. At the beginning of his entry into the business, Zheng Guanying immediately signed another flat-price contract with his biggest competitors, Swire and Jardine Matheson. He also drafted "Ten Articles for Rectifying the China Merchants Bureau" and then wrote "14 Articles for Li Fuxiang, Minister of Shangbeiyang, to Report the Situation of the China Merchants Bureau and Rectify the China Merchants Bureau", which involved increasing revenue, reducing expenditures and specific business strategies. In the 19th year (1893), Zheng Guanying went incognito to visit various mouths of the Yangtze River to understand the pros and cons of each branch, and investigated the operations of Yihe and Taikoo in various places. Later, he visited Shantou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Zhejiang, and Tianjin branches. On the eve of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War, Zheng Guanying wrote to the Qing court saying that the Japanese would attack the Qing army. After the war, he wrote many times to warn against Japanese spies, took measures such as not allowing the Japanese to use telegraph codes, reported the situation of the Japanese army's ordnance transportation, and decided to Some of China Merchants' ships were allocated for military purposes to transport personnel and weapons. After the Japanese army captured Northeast China, Zheng Guanying and others "overtly and covertly entrusted" 20 China Merchants Steamships to foreign companies such as Germany and Britain. They flew foreign flags and sailed as usual. They also wrote "Articles of War between China and Japan" to oppose begging for peace with Japan. After the war, Zheng Guanying took back all the ships and firmly opposed the Treaty of Shimonoseki. In May of the 22nd year (1896), Zhang Zhidong appointed Zheng Guanying as the general office of Hanyang Iron Works. In January of the following year, he concurrently served as the general director of the Guangdong-Hankou Railway. In May, the name was changed from the assistant office of the Steamship Merchants Bureau to joint processing. In October of the twenty-fifth year (1899), he concurrently served as the general director of Jilin Mining Company in Shanghai and Guangzhao shares. After Li Hongzhang's death, Yuan Shikai, who succeeded Beiyang Minister and Governor-General of Zhili, took the Steamship Investment Bureau and Telegraph Bureau as his own. Zheng Guanying left the China Merchants Bureau and went to Guangxi at the invitation of Wang Zhichun, the governor of Guangxi, to act as an agent for Zuojiang Road. He was also in charge of the Guangdong-Han Railway Engineering Bureau and the general office of the Guangdong-Han Railway Land Purchase Bureau. However, Wang Zhichun was dismissed and left his post to go to Guangdong to participate in the repossession. Activities on the Guangdong-Hankong Railway right-of-way. Served as associate director of Guangzhou Chamber of Commerce. In March of the 32nd year (1906), he was elected by the business people of Guangdong as the general office of the Guangdong Commercial Office Guangdong-Hankou Railway Co., Ltd., and was in charge of the fund-raising work. He resigned due to "observance of the system". In the first year of Xuantong (1909), San joined the China Merchants Bureau as a director and was responsible for registering the China Merchants Bureau's commercial office with the Ministry of Commerce. The following year, Sheng Xuanhuai appointed Zheng Guanying as the director of the meeting, and entrusted Zheng Guanying with full authority to rectify the steamship investment promotion bureau after the commercial office, and once again inspected the affairs of the ports on the Yangtze River. After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, Zheng Guanying returned to Shanghai from Sichuan. After the Republic of China, Zheng Guanying devoted his main energy to education, and concurrently served as board director and director of China Merchants Public School, and honorary director of Shanghai Business High School. In April of the tenth year (1921), Zheng Guanying wrote to the board of directors of China Merchants Group, requesting to resign and retire. A year later, he died of illness in the dormitory of Tilanqiao Merchants Public School in Shanghai.