1 Dante (1265-1321). The pioneer of the Renaissance, the Renaissance originated in northern Italy. It is generally believed that the first representative is Dante, whose representative is Divine Comedy. His works first criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way, and were written in local dialects instead of Latin, the official literary language of medieval Europe. He believed that the ancient Greek and Roman times were the most perfect times of human nature, and it was against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he studied Latin literature deeply and extensively, he wrote a large number of lyric poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which were warmly welcomed by the rulers of various cities and countries.

2 Petrarch is an Italian poet. Born in arezzo City on July 2th, 134, he died in Alqua on July 19th, 1374. His masterpiece is Song Collection. Father is a noble family and lawyer in Florence. He was exiled to France with his father since childhood, and then studied law. After his father died, he devoted himself to literary activities and traveled around Europe. He also worked as a priest, and had the opportunity to go in and out of the church and court, observe life and pursue knowledge. He proposed to replace "God's thought" with "human thought" and was called "the father of humanism".

3 Giovanni giovanni boccaccio (1313-1375), translated by Boccaccio, was an outstanding representative of the Italian Renaissance and a humanist. Decameron, the representative work, criticizes religious conservatism and advocates that "happiness lies on earth", which is regarded as the declaration of the Renaissance.

Three Masters of Fine Arts

1 Leonardo leonardo da vinci (1452-1519) was the most famous Italian artist, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, master of science, literary theorist, great philosopher, poet, musician and inventor during the Italian Renaissance. Because he is an all-rounder, he is also called "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance". He was born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, and died in France. Mural "The Last Supper", altar painting "Our Lady in the Rock" and portrait painting "Mona Lisa" are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are among the treasures that Leonardo da Vinci left for the world art treasure house, and they are the keystone of European art.

2 Raphael Raffaello Santi (1483 ~ 152) was an Italian painter. Born in urbino on April 6th, 1483, he died in Rome on April 6th, 152. Formerly known as Rafael San Giorgio. His series of portraits of the Virgin Mary are different from similar themes painted by medieval painters, and all of them embody humanistic thoughts with maternal warmth and youthful bodybuilding. Among them, the most famous ones are Notre Dame with Orioles (in uffizi gallery, Florence), Notre Dame on the Grass (in Vienna Museum of Art History) and Notre Dame in the Garden (in Louvre Museum). In 1512 ~ 1513, the large-scale oil painting "The Sistine Madonna" was painted. The characters were similar in size to real people, and the triangle composition composed of the Madonna and saints was solemn and balanced. The Madonna and Jesus were strong and handsome, showing the happiness and greatness of maternal love. The other, which is taller, is the Madonna of foligno in the form of an altar painting, and the Madonna in the Chair and the Madonna of Alba, which were created later, all of which can be regarded as his perfect works. After 159, he was invited by Pope Julius II to paint the murals of the Vatican Palace, among which the murals in the signature hall were the most outstanding. These paintings spread all over the walls and roofs of the hall respectively represent four aspects of human spiritual activities: theology, philosophy, poetics and law. In addition to his unique painting style, his works also pay special attention to the full harmony between painting performance and architectural decoration, giving people a sense of solemnity and richness. During this period, other important works were "Eliodoro was banished from the Temple" and "Mass in Bolshenna" for Eliodoro Hall, "Fire in Porgo" for Fire Department and "Triumph of Galatia" for Farnesina Villa. The image-building and the use of light and color of these works have reached a new level, and they are known as the pinnacle of ancient and modern mural art. His portraits have also achieved great success. Characterized by both form and spirit, full of charm. Most of them use a micro-side half-length posture to hide the background, and only the natural and friendly manner of the characters stands out in the picture. Representative works are "The Image of Castiglione" and "The Image of a Woman in a Yarn".

3 Michelangelo Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), a great Italian painter, sculptor and architect in the Renaissance, was the representative of the highest peak of sculpture in the Renaissance. In 1496, Michelangelo came to Rome and created the first representative works, such as Baccus, Dionysus, and Mourning for Christ. In 151, he returned to Florence and completed the world-famous David in four years. In Rome in 155, he was ordered by Pope Julius II to build the Pope's tomb, and returned to Florence after stopping work in 156. In 158, he was ordered to return to Rome, and it took him four years and five months to finish the famous ceiling mural of the Sistine Chapel. In 1513, the construction of the Pope's Mausoleum resumed, and Michelangelo wrote the famous Moses, The Bound Slave and The Dying Slave. From 1519 to 1534, he created the greatest work of his life in Florence-the group sculptures of medici family Mausoleum in Sanlorenzo Church. In 1536, Michelangelo returned to the Ting Church in Romasis, and spent nearly six years creating the great church mural "The Doomsday Judgment". After that, he lived in Rome, engaged in sculpture, architecture and a small amount of painting, until he died in his studio on February 18, 1564.

Scientific achievements

Writers everywhere began to use their own dialects instead of Latin to create literature, which promoted popular literature and injected a large number of literary works into various languages, including novels, poems, essays, folk songs and plays. In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea of "humanism" against "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems, the masterpiece of which is the collection of lyric sonnets. Boccaccio is the founder of Italian national literature, and decameron, a collection of short stories, is his masterpiece. In France, the Renaissance clearly formed two factions, one was optimates, represented by the Seven-Star Poetry Society, and the other was the democrat, represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Du Beilai, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and national literature. However, they rejected folk poetry and only served a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 2 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, which occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education. In Britain, the representatives are Thomas Moore and Shakespeare. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. Utopia, written in Latin in 1516, was the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a talented dramatist and poet. Together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, he is known as the four great European writers. His works are complete in structure, vivid in plot, rich and refined in language, and outstanding in personality, which represents the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and has a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature. In Spain, the most outstanding representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote, a long satirical novel, was the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama". He is a rare prolific writer in the world. He has written more than 2, plays in his life, and more than 6 of them have been handed down to this day. There are religious dramas, historical dramas, drama of gods, drama of robes and swords, pastoral operas and other forms, which profoundly reflect the social reality of Spain and are deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding masterpiece is Yangquan Village.

Classical music works of the Music Renaissance were mainly produced from 14 to 16. The end of this period is more clearly defined than the beginning, unlike other art categories. There was no obvious change in the musical performance in the early 15th century, so it can be said that the musical characteristics of the Renaissance were gradually changing. What is certain is that the early Renaissance music works mainly rely on the third interval as a chord. Polyphony music, which began in the 12th century, became more detailed throughout the 14th century without relying on the expression of sound. In the early 15th century, music tended to be simple, and the sound was smooth. By the end of the 15th century, polyphonic religious music began to become complicated again, which in a sense was related to the extremely developed painting at that time. Then in the early 16th century, music began to simplify again. In the late 16th century, music, especially ditties, tended to be more complex and chromatic. At this time, in Florence, musicians began to turn to the classical school, and they tried to restore the dreamy music form of ancient Greece through the form of poems. Renaissance works thought Renaissance works concentrated on humanism: advocating individual liberation and opposing medieval asceticism and religious views; Advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; Affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and abandon all authority and traditional dogma as the basis of theology and scholasticism; It is the main idea of humanism to support centralization and oppose feudal separatism. Among them, the representative works are Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, and rabelais's Biography of the Giant. Renaissance art praised the beauty of the human body, claiming that the proportion of the human body is the most harmonious proportion in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures still focus on religious stories, they all show the scenes of ordinary people and pull God to the ground. Humanists began to study the Bible by studying classical literature and translated it into the national language, which led to the rise of the Reformation. Humanism praises the secular and despises heaven, flaunts rationality instead of divine revelation, affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyer of secular life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, science to seek welfare for people, education to develop people's personality, and requires people's thoughts, feelings and wisdom to be liberated from the bondage of theology. Advocating individual freedom, it has played a great role in historical development. Astronomy In 1543, Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, published "On the Movement of Celestial Bodies", in which he proposed the Heliocentrism system which was different from Ptolemy's geocentric system. Bruno, an Italian thinker, declared in his books "On Infinity, Universe and Worlds" and "On Cause, Origin and Unity" that the universe is infinite in space and time, and the sun is only the center of the solar system rather than the universe. Galileo invented the astronomical telescope in 169, published Astral Messenger in 161 and Dialogue between Ptolemy and Copernicus in 1632. Kepler, a German astronomer, put forward three laws of planetary motion in New Astronomy in 169 and Harmony of the World in 1619 by studying the observation data of Tycho, a Danish astronomer, and determined that the planets move around the sun along an elliptical orbit, and such motion is not constant.

Mathematical algebra made great progress during the Renaissance, and the solutions of cubic and quartic equations were discovered. Cardano, an Italian, published a formula for finding the roots of cubic equation in his book "The Great Skill", but the discovery of this formula should be attributed to another scholar, Tattaglia. The solution of quartic equation was discovered by Ferrari, a student in cardano, and also recorded in Da Shu. In his works, Bombelli expounded the irreducibility of cubic equations, used imaginary numbers, and improved the algebraic symbols that were popular at that time. Symbolic algebra was established by the French mathematician Veda in the 16th century. In 1591, he published "Introduction to Analytical Methods", systematically arranged algebra, and consciously used letters to represent unknowns and known numbers for the first time. In his other book, On the Identification and Revision of Equations, Weida improved the solution of cubic and quartic equations, and established the relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic and cubic equations, which is called vieta theorem in modern times. Trigonometry also achieved great development during the Renaissance. The German mathematician Regiomontanus's On Triangles is the first trigonometry work independent of astronomy in Europe. In the book, the plane triangle and spherical triangle are systematically expounded, and there is also a very precise trigonometric function table. Rhaticus, a student of Copernicus, made more precise trigonometric function tables on the basis of redefining trigonometric functions. Descartes, a Frenchman, successfully founded analytic geometry in 1637 after establishing the coordinate system. Fermat established the methods of tangent, maximum and minimum and definite integral, which made great contributions to calculus. It limited the study of indefinite equations to the range of integers, thus starting the mathematical branch of number theory. In the communication and works with Pascal, he established the basic principle of probability theory-the concept physics of mathematical expectation. In physics, Galileo discovered three laws of free falling, throwing objects and shaking through many experiments, which made people have a new understanding of the universe. His student Torricelli proved the air pressure through experiments and invented the mercury barometer. French scientist Pascal discovered the propagation law of pressure in liquid and gas; British scientist Boyle discovered the law of gas pressure. Descartes used his coordinate geometry to engage in optical research, and proposed the theoretical deduction of the law of refraction for the first time in "Refractive Optics". He also clearly put forward the law of conservation of momentum for the first time: the total amount of matter and motion will remain unchanged forever. Descartes made a preliminary study on collision and centrifugal force, which created conditions for Huygens' success later. Visarius, a Belgian doctor in physiology and medicine, published the book Human Body Structure, which challenged Galen's "Trinity" theory. Spanish doctor Servit discovered the small circulation system of blood, which proved that blood flows from the right ventricle to the lungs and reaches the left ventricle through a tortuous route. British anatomist Harvey published "painstaking efforts" through a large number of animal anatomy experiments.