? (B) the essence of the minister's way
? Professor Wang Yanping believed that Confucius made rules for the country, not only for the monarch, but also for his ministers. Setting rules for ministers is the theory of ministers' Tao.
? Mr Wang Yanping thinks I help you in your way. The way of the minister is also the way of the monarch. If you want it, you should follow the example of heaven. What is required of you is also required of me. As the king of a country, a monarch should have the heart of the world; As officials of the country, courtiers should also have the heart of the world. The way of monarch and minister put forward by Confucius is basically to go to the selfish interests of monarch and minister and make monarch and minister serve the common interests of the world.
Ruling the country by monarch and minister is based on loving the people and protecting the world. You should have great virtues and talents to undertake great tasks in the world. If you want to learn, be an official. If you become an official, you still have to learn. You can't compete for the world, and I can't seek wealth. You can't be proud of your country or your officials. You choose the sage, I recommend the sage. You should know the difficulty of being a monarch, and I should know the difficulty of being a minister. Both the monarch and the minister should be upright and take the society as an example.
According to the history of Tongzhi Jian, after Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, most of the employees were not Qin's old people, which caused the dissatisfaction of the old people. Emperor Taizong explained: "Wang Dagong is selfless, so he can take the heart of the world. ? On my first day with you, I was well fed and saved everyone. Therefore, the official is divided into duties and thinks that the people are also. When selecting and using talents, don't take the old and the new as the first! "
Mr. Wang thinks this passage shows that (1) both the monarch and the minister are supported by the people, and their duties can only be for the people. (2) kingly way, that is, the way of monarch, is selfless. (3) You appoint people based on the public interest, and I regard the public interest as the people. Professor Wang Yanping thinks that I am not a monarch, but a civilian monarch! Emperor Taizong's words are the essence of Confucius' theory of ministers and Taoism. The fatuous ministers and fatuous monarchs are the big problems of all countries in the past dynasties, which is also an important reason for the ultimate demise of all countries in the past dynasties.
At the same time, Mr. Wang believes that Confucius' way is to serve the monarch with Taoism, and few people directly serve the monarch. Faced with the monarch's mistakes, he dared to make suggestions. If even a few courtiers in the past dynasties can serve you directly, criticize you when you are wrong and dare to criticize you when you are angry, then many mistakes can be avoided. Because even a mediocre king or a bad king is afraid of national subjugation. Therefore, Mr. Wang believes that monarchs have made mistakes or even died in history. Of course, the monarch is mainly responsible. However, many courtiers also have to bear serious responsibilities, and all those who hold state positions have responsibilities.
This is the way of the monarch and the minister.
(C) the nature of the relationship between monarch and minister
"History? Historical Records takes the monarch as the head of state and the minister as the thigh and arm, and clearly puts forward the relationship between monarch and minister. This is to compare the state power to a person, with the monarch as the head and the minister as the hands and feet. Mr. Wang Yanping thinks that the unity of monarch and minister means: (1) the unity of monarch and minister, the unity of monarch and minister, and the goal of monarch and minister is peace in the world. (2) The monarch and his subjects are ordered by * * * to share weal and woe with the country, and * * * is responsible for both the national luck and the people's livelihood. (3) The monarch and the minister are United and cooperate with each other. The outline of the monarch's state affairs, ministers perform their duties, and the state work is efficient and orderly.
For example, in the Analects of Confucius, Mr. Wang recorded asking about politics, and Confucius replied, "Jun Jun is a minister." The combination of these four words: (1) Jun is Jun and I am a minister, which is the difference between Jun and Chen. (2) Only when there is a way to be a monarch can you be a monarch; I can only be a minister if I have access to it. This means that the monarch and his subjects have their own conditions, and their status and morality must be commensurate. (3) The monarch must be the monarch, try his best to be the monarch, the minister is the minister, and try his best to be the minister. That is to say, the relationship between monarch and minister is conditional relative. Book of rites? Li Yun said, "Ren Jun, Chen Zhong. If you ask for his kindness, you will be loyal. " Confucius said in The Analects of Confucius: "A monarch makes a courtier, and a courtier is loyal to the monarch. "Professor Wang Yanping believes that the relationship between the monarch and his subjects is a relationship between morality and righteousness, which is established and maintained by morality. Jun, is to choose talents for the world, not for yourself. As a minister, he is dedicated to the whole world, not just to the monarch. You can choose your minister, and your minister can choose you. Your precious minister, I can protest to you. You can recall the minister who failed in his duty, but I don't care about the lost king. You try your best, I try my best, and * * * becomes the beauty of governance.
Employing people. As a minister, he is dedicated to the whole world, not just to the monarch. You can choose your minister, and your minister can choose you. You can blame me and I can advise you. You can recall the minister who failed in his duty, but I don't care about the lost king. You try your best, I try my best, and * * * becomes the beauty of governance.
"History? Hao Tao's Hume: "Knowing people is a philosopher, you can be an official. "This shows that the king of philosophy knows people well. But it also shows that the monarch is the dominant in the relationship between monarch and minister. Emperor Taizong had his own understanding of this. He once said, "Jun, Yuan, Chen and Liu Ye. It is impossible to get oil from the source and seek clean flow. "Jun is the source, which contains two meanings: the monarch's integrity and the correct use of people. The Analects of Confucius said: "Only by straightening out mistakes (measures) can the wrong people be straightened out. "Who the monarch uses has a guiding role in society. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Guangwu Emperor, deliberately chose Zhuo Mao, who is famous for his honesty and integrity, as his teacher in order to reverse the greed of officialdom in the late Western Han Dynasty and Wang Mang's period, and the political style and social style improved immediately.
? "History? Iggy: "The Fuehrer knows! Good thighs and good arms! Ordinary things are healthy! "This means that the monarch is wise, the minister is virtuous, the national work arrangement is handled properly, the world is at peace and the people are happy. Since ancient times, the relationship between monarch and minister is the pursuit of the relationship between monarch and minister Wei Zhi once said to Emperor Taizong, "May your envoys be kind, not loyal. He explained: "Good ministers, Ji, Qi and Tao also have responsibilities. Loyal ministers, long feng, than dry is also. A good minister gives his body (oneself) a good name, and a gentleman receives a good name, which is passed down from generation to generation, and the blessings are boundless. Loyal ministers were slaughtered by foreigners, the monarch fell into great evil, and his home country was lost and empty. In this respect, it is far from it. "Cheng wai leads a good minister, and the corresponding monarch is Yao and Shun; For loyal subjects, the corresponding monarch is stubborn. Good ministers assisted Mingjun, and the country, monarch and ministers benefited a lot.
(4) the essence of the relationship between monarch, state and people.
Governing the country and calming the world is simply to handle the relationship between the monarch, the state power and the people.
In the final analysis, the way of monarch and minister, the way of monarch and minister, and the way of relationship between monarch and minister should be implemented to protect the people and protect the world. "History? Song of the Five Sons: "The people only care about the country, and the country is better. "Only, yes. The people are the nation, and the people are the nation. This is the source of the most precious people-oriented thought in China's traditional political culture. Its essence is that the country is not a monarch, nor a state power, but a people. People's safety is the foundation of a country, and the foundation of a country is its stability. The way to defend the country is to protect the safety of the people.
"History? Da Mo Yu: "Germany is only good at politics, and politics supports the people. "The so-called' helping the people' does not mean that the monarch or state power helps the people. Book of Rites. " "Li Yun" clearly said: "The monarch (the people) raises it, and the non-monarch (the people) also raises it. "Not the monarch supports the people, but the people support the monarch. The so-called "government is supporting the people" means implementing policies that are beneficial to people's production and life. This is a good policy that benefits people's livelihood, and good governance is the way to "strengthen the country".
? "History? Tang Shi: "Only natural people have desires. The same book "Thai oath": "What people want, God will obey it." . "This is heaven. Jundao is heaven, and naturally it is Jundao. " People have desires, natural physiological needs and spiritual and humanistic needs, that is, the desire to pursue truth, goodness and beauty. Confucius advocated that the way to govern the country is to enrich the people and teach the people. Therefore, the good governance of raising the people is not only enriching the people, but enriching the people and teaching them.
? "History? Da: "What is the people after the leader (not Yuan)? "After (the monarch) is not a minister (nothing) but defends the country." This means that the people cannot be without a monarch, and the monarch cannot be without the people. The monarch and the people are interdependent. Later, based on the theory of "people are the foundation of the country", Emperor Taizong expounded the interdependence between the monarch and the people. "Jun depends on the country, and the country depends on the people." The monarch relies on the state power because of this state power. There is such a set of political and military institutions. Only the monarch, as a monarch, can the landlord and the people live together: "the king is in the country and trapped in the people." ? The monarch relies on the state power, because with this state power and such a set of political and military institutions, the monarch has the status and rights of the monarch. Sovereign and state power depend on the people. Therefore, not only does politics lie in serving the people, but the monarch and the country also lie in owning the people. Therefore, Emperor Taizong decided: "To be a monarch, we must save the people first!"
? (5) the monarch's way to cultivate oneself
? Professor Wang Yanping believes that Confucius' monarchical theory puts high demands on monarchies.
? The monarch's self-cultivation began when he worked for Chu Jun, The Book of Rites? The article "Prince Wang's Son" takes West Zhou Wenwang as the father of current affairs of the prince and serves as an example for Chu Jun to learn. The article records the words of Confucius: "A monarch is to his son, to his father, and to him. There is a father's kiss, a gentleman's respect, and then the world has it. Therefore, raising children must not be sloppy. " This means that the relationship between the monarch and the prince is not only a father-son relationship, but also a monarch-minister relationship. A monarch is both a father and a king before a prince. The prince is both a son and a minister before the monarch. As a father, you mainly pass on your possessions to your son, and as a monarch, you mainly pass on the world to your son. The prince should inherit the great cause of the world and be very cautious in cultivating the prince.
? Confucius said, "Knowing is the son, and then knowing is the father; Only when you know that you are a minister can you know that you are a gentleman. " This means that if you want to learn to be a father, you must first learn to be a son; To learn to be a king, you must first learn the manners of being a minister. Because the prince is a son before the monarch, teaching the prince begins with teaching filial piety. Because the prince is a minister before the monarch, teaching the prince begins with teaching loyalty. If you can be a dutiful son, you can be a loving father in the future. He who can be a loyal minister will be a benevolent gentleman in the future. Fundamentally speaking, the monarch's rule of the country is to educate the world with filial piety and rule the world with benevolence.
? Confucius specifically talked about the cultivation of the Duke of Zhou as king. He said: "In the past, Duke Zhou was the regent, ruled and resisted the Prince's Law. ... so that he can live with you and let you know the meaning of father and son. ... if you have become a king, you will be a bird, so it shows that you are the son of a king. " This means that after his death, Cheng was young, and Duke Zhou took pictures of the son of heaven. He ruled the world while shouldering the responsibility of cultivating young gentlemen. Since the Duke of Zhou was not the King of Wu, but the King of Wu became the young king instead, in order to make the King of Zhou a prince, he was a minister before the monarch, so he taught the prince to start with loyalty. If you can be a dutiful son, you can be a loving father in the future. He who can be a loyal minister will be a benevolent gentleman in the future. Fundamentally speaking, the monarch's rule of the country is to educate the world with filial piety and rule the world with benevolence.
? Confucius specifically talked about the cultivation of the Duke of Zhou as king. He said: "In the past, Duke Zhou was the regent, ruled and resisted the Prince's Law. ... so that he can live with you and let you know the meaning of father and son. ... if you have become a king, you will punish the birds, so it shows the way of being the son of a king. " This means that after his death, Cheng was young, and Duke Zhou took pictures of the son of heaven. He ruled the world while taking on the responsibility of training young kings. Because the Duke of Zhou was not a prince of Wu, and the king of Cheng was not, but a young king, in order to make the king learn to be a son and a minister, he adopted a special practice of "resisting the monarch and being a bird". "Resist", lift it and do it. The son of the world can learn from Li Bo and teach him to become a king. He asked his eldest son Boqin to accompany him to live as a king, and taught him directly as a son as a gift, which was compared to being a king. If the king was wrong, the Duke of Zhou punished the birds.
? Education in Chu Jun attaches great importance to loving the people and frugality. This is because loving the people is the foundation of the monarch, and frugality is the most difficult thing for the monarch. Chu Jun grew up rich and ignorant of the sufferings of the people's livelihood, and he was most likely to be arrogant and extravagant, losing his virtue and subjugating his country. "Zhenguan dignitaries" records that Emperor Taizong educated the prince: the prince ate, and Emperor Taizong educated him: farmers and tillers have land, cherish the people's strength, and never seize the farming season before they can eat. The prince rode a horse, which is too religious for him. When a horse has a rest, there is always a horse that doesn't try its best to ride. It is too religious for a prince to take a boat: a boat is like a king, water is like a people, and water can carry a boat and overturn it. When you become a monarch in the future, you must fear the people!
? Book of rites? Learn to remember: "Be strict with the teacher (respect) and then respect." Although the monarch's teacher is a minister, but. "When he is a teacher, he is also a servant." You treat your teacher with teacher's courtesy, not the minister's. Teachers take Jundao as teaching, and respecting teachers means respecting Dao. "Zhenguan dignitaries" records the etiquette of the prince waiting for the teacher: when the teacher comes, the prince goes out to meet him. The prince learns from the teacher first, and the teacher answers. When entering], the prince asked the teacher to go first. After arriving in the private room, the prince asked the teacher to sit down first. The prince gave it to the book teacher. Because you don't respect the teacher, you have no choice. The reason why the Three Emperors and Five Emperors achieved the great achievements of the Holy King is that they all have teachers, and lifelong learning is the way to be a monarch.
Ps: Good friends think that even if what the ancients said was really Confucius' own will and meaning, if it was too extreme, it would not be suitable for people to learn now, so it should or can be changed. We should make those cultures beneficial to modern people, instead of instilling a paranoid idea in modern people. ?