"material" becomes "subject matter" once it enters the article, which constitutes the material of literary and artistic works. So, how to use the material to write a composition?

First, the combination of reasons and examples in the application techniques of composition materials

The so-called combination of reasons and examples is to combine examples with quoting principles or famous sayings in the composition, so that specific examples can complement each other with scientific principles and famous sayings and play a better role. Especially in the writing of argumentative essays, we should pay attention to both theoretical arguments and factual arguments. Facts can reproduce the situation intuitively, and quotations can strengthen the discussion by using the words of celebrities. The combination of the two is a common way to write argumentative essays.

Let's look at two examples first:

Is it Edison? He had an egg in his hand and a watch in his hand. He was going to cook the egg in the pot for five minutes, but what he was thinking was an invention. He threw the watch in the pot and stared at the egg.

Newton, right? Concentrate on an experiment and forget to eat a meal on the table. Someone deliberately teased him by replacing that dish with a plate of leftover bones. He was so hungry that he went to eat, saw the bones in the plate and sighed, "I'm so confused, I've already eaten."

In fact, neither of these two things can be regarded as forgetfulness. They are all caused by distraction and absentmindedness ...

Forgetting is not necessarily a bad thing. It takes great effort to forget completely on your own initiative. The great trouble of man lies in having a body, and to forget his body is to forget himself. And only when a person reaches the state of selflessness can he achieve great things.

in the above paragraph, around the theme of "forgetfulness", the author carefully selects materials, illustrates the meaning and scope of "forgetfulness" through the examples of "Edison" and "Newton", and then quotes Confucius to explain that "forgetting is not necessarily a bad thing". These materials are familiar to people, and the quotations are appropriate, powerful, typical, accurate and convincing. Imagine, if there are only examples, or only quotations, is there such a good expression effect?

Second, the material processing of composition material application techniques

Material processing is a commonly used writing skill. In writing, it is rare to copy the material. Usually, the materials that the author has mastered should be processed according to the needs of writing content or expression, so that it can be changed from the original material to the processed theme in the article. In the process of writing, the processing of materials generally achieves two purposes: one is to focus on the topic and the center, and the other is to properly express the author's feelings. That is to say, for the selected life phenomenon materials and the written materials obtained from reading, we should delete the parts irrelevant to the topic and inject our own emotional tendencies.

Let's look at a pre-processed material first:

I remember once eating at a relative's house. I thought the sweet and sour fish was delicious, so I casually said, "Sweet and sour fish is delicious. I wish I could eat it every day in the future." My mother listened and said to me excitedly, "If you like it, I will make it for you every time I go home." The next day, when I went back to school, I almost forgot about it. A few weeks later, I went home for dinner. My mother bought two fish from the vegetable market and was busy cooking sweet and sour fish, even though I was so tired that I was sweating.

The following is the processed scene:

Last Spring Festival, I ate at my grandmother's house. The sweet and sour fish was right in front of me, and the taste tempted me. Unconsciously, I wiped out the sweet and sour fish! When I realized this, I blushed like Guan Gong. Mother broke the awkward silence: "Grandma's craftsmanship is really superb, you see …". On the way home, my mother whispered to me, "If you like it, I will make it for you every time I go home."

From then on, mother's busy figure shuttled through the fish market every day, almost without exception.

once, it was stormy and windy, and my mother caught a cold again. I think my sweet and sour fish must be ruined today.

when I got home at night, I just arrived at the door, and the familiar and attractive fragrance floated through the door. I really don't want to go in, I'm afraid my tears won't live up to expectations! I really don't want to go in because of my guilt and selfishness! I really don't want to go in, because my mother's sweet and sour fish with body temperature ... < P > The processing of the above materials is manifested in two aspects: First, work hard on artistic reality and set up scenes for buying and cooking fish. Second, efforts have been made to describe the details. There are not only dialogues that conform to the real life, but also the psychological activities of the characters. In this way, maternal love is more concrete, real and intense.

in quoting and expressing the material, in order to better support the argument, we should also carefully process the material from the language to make the seemingly plain material shine. Please compare the following paragraphs.

(1) I admire Li Bai's path even more. Although it is unfair to say so, I still feel that Li Bai's hardships in life are bumpy, but he firmly believes that his ideal will be realized, just like what he called "since heaven gave the talent, let it be employed!".

(2) Li Bai is free and easy, not relying on the solemnity of Gaotang, not admiring the wealth of officialdom, standing on the mountain of the Tang Dynasty, standing in the position of a poet, letting the breeze cleanse his mind and dancing with Yue Hui, "since heaven gave the talent, let it be employed!, spin a thousand pieces of silver, all of them come back!", he sang a lot of fighting spirit; "we both are exalted to distant thought, who wants to go to the blue sky and embrace the bright moon", he sang out great boldness of vision, so the history of the mountains and rivers of the Tang Dynasty added a bit of heavy and clever air! Can it be said that Li Bai, who has no official career, does not reflect his own value? I can't.

The above example (2) is more vivid and vivid than (1). Among them, the author (2) uses more description and imagination when dealing with the material, thus raising the same material to a new level.

Third, the combination and parallelism of the application techniques of composition materials

The "combination and parallelism" in the application of materials does not refer to general rhetorical devices, but a method of using materials. It can also be called "multi-material combination". The "multi-material combination" mentioned here does not refer to the general practice of continuous use or even stacking of similar materials, but refers to the concise expression of similar materials, combined in the same paragraph, and * * * explains the same argument. Its advantages are that it is eloquent, informative and confident, and it can achieve good rhetorical effect. When combining, the language expression should be neat and tidy, and the arrangement order should be reasonable (such as chronological order, from far to near, from main to secondary, etc.).

For example, the following example:

Jiangnan is the place where your soul lives

How many people have found the home of life here through the ages. San Mao, a legendary woman, has been wandering around the world for decades. She has all the wind in her hair. As soon as she came to Jiangnan, she cried. Like seeing a kind old grandmother, she finally found a place in her life where she could rest her mind. Shen Wanshan, a giant in the south of the Yangtze River, has gone through ups and downs in shopping malls, and finally settled by the water in Zhouzhuang, no longer striving for fame and profit. There are also literati hermits who don't leave their names. Perhaps they once thought of to be no.1, and their official career was proud. Then day after day, intrigue and intrigue finally made them tired, so they packed their bags. When I arrived in Jiangnan, I died in Sri Lanka. (Excerpted from the essay "Living in the South of the Yangtze River" written by Zhejiang in 26)

Three examples are used in this paper, which show that Jiangnan is the place where the soul lives. These three examples are typical. One is San Mao, a wandering wanderer, the other is Shen Wanshan, who has experienced the ups and downs of shopping malls, and the other is the group image, a literati official who was once "proud of his official career" in ancient China. All these people regard Jiangnan as the destination of their lives, which shows the beauty of Jiangnan even more. This is of course an effect that can't be achieved by a single example.

The author juxtaposes and combines similar materials, which not only strengthens the viewpoint and enriches the content, but also shows an imposing manner and a certain literary talent in language. This method of using materials has been selected and processed subjectively by the author, which is completely different from the practice of stacking materials regardless of the needs of the content.

Fourth, avoid being familiar with the application techniques of composition materials to survive

The "development level" part of the syllabus requires "fresh materials". Some materials, from the time when they were born, may not belong to new materials, but because people don't know much or use much, they are also quite fresh. However, in fact, the aging of composition materials is a serious problem, always "repeating yesterday's story", especially like to apply historical themes and go to the ancients for help. "Li Du's articles have been passed down from generation to generation, but they are not fresh up to now." Who will like the composition materials if they are always old-fashioned sesame seeds? "The article is timely, and the songs and poems are combined for things." The times are advancing by leaps and bounds, the social development is changing with each passing day, and the selection of materials should also keep pace with the times. Only by replacing the old with the new can the article have a sense of the times and reality. Of course, traditional materials can also be available, but fresh materials will definitely give readers unexpected surprises.

A classmate wrote a composition on the topic of "test". Instead of using the materials of historical figures such as Du Fu, Wen Tianxiang and Su Wu, he wrote an example of Ming Zhengbin, the deputy director of the Public Security Bureau of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, who touched China that year:

Ming Zhengbin, the deputy director of the Public Security Bureau of Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, who danced on the tip of a knife, has experienced numerous tests of life and death and countless symphonies of iron and blood at the forefront of the anti-drug front. In front of drug dealers, he is scared, unable to buy, and difficult to fail; Drug dealers are under his control, and they can't get through, hide or escape. Because of him and his comrades-in-arms, we can stand up to the test, stand up straight and carry it, so we can enjoy the fresh air and bright sunshine.

such an example is close to reality and has a strong sense of the times, which is gratifying.

V. Contrast and contrast of application techniques of composition materials

Positive argument and negative argument are two kinds of argument methods in argumentative writing. When you have determined your argument, you should prove your argument is correct with arguments. Comparative demonstration is not only a demonstration method, but also a method of applying materials. This is a commonly used and convincing argument method. After contrasting and comparing two things with opposite nature, the differences between them are deduced, which makes the conclusion stand out, can effectively convince readers and make the author's point of view stand out. Because the characteristics and essence of things are most easily revealed in comparison, especially the comparison of positive and negative things, which has great distinctiveness and can leave a deep impression on people. After comparison, the correct argument is more stable. The ancients said, "If there is no contradiction, then the right is not obvious." By comparing the positive and negative, people will find the truth more clearly and recognize the essence of things.

For example, a passage like this: Beethoven threw off the noise of the world and jumped freely in the country of music; Curie and his wife abandoned the confusion of fame and fortune and took a far-reaching step in the scientific world; Tao Yuanming forgot the worldly darkness and picked chrysanthemums leisurely in the free Nanshan ... Their lives were relaxed and they smelled the fragrance of the world. And don't Rykov bound by the secular, Grandet was dragged to the side of death by money, they didn't run with all their strength and ease, and were finally involved in the turbid current of the secular ... (selected from the perfect article "Easy Start")

Facing the same topic, we can always find both positive and negative characters, and make an in-depth comparison between these two characters by means of contrast, superior and inferior, good and bad, and good and bad. This method can be widely used in the writing of various articles.

Sixth, the story of the application techniques of composition materials is newly compiled

Topic composition allows the story to be compiled, and "new story compilation" by using classical masterpieces has become popular in recent years. Strictly speaking, "new story compilation" belongs to an alternative use of a material. It is not a new style, but a novel in general. Its writing method is to select characters and plots according to the needs of expressing the theme and make some transformation to form a new story plot, while the characters have not changed much, roughly maintaining the original style. This kind of story can not only avoid making up nonsense, but also add a lot of interest and make people love to read in the new era background.

Please take a look at the following example:

The alliance between Mu and Shi is really touching, but I didn't plan the marriage. I am also pursuing my own love! When Baoyu was beaten, didn't I show my true feelings? But sister Lin's red and swollen eyes won everyone's sympathy, and people naturally turned a blind eye to me. The switch plan brought me a curse, but who knows that when I heard Baoyu's "Sister Lin", my heart was also in great pain? I can't get the love I want, and I'm also accused of destroying others' feelings. Who ever said a fair word for me? ("Bao Chai Ming Yuan" Hubei examinee)

The above example is a typical new story. Based on the famous macro, among Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu and Xue Baochai, the examinee boldly chose the angle of "vindicating Baochai" and listed various facts in the original book, which made sense and convinced the readers. Starting from the topic of composition (affection and cognition of things), it is commendable for candidates to make full use of the famous related materials to serve the center of their own composition in the examination room on the premise of fully grasping the famous.

VII. Expanded materials for the application techniques of composition materials

Most of the materials we remember in our lives are thick, simple and rough, and lack full details, so we often need to expand them when using them. The concrete method is nothing more than expanding the plot and adding details to make the story flesh and blood, and it is more conducive to expressing the theme and the author's thoughts and feelings. Zhao Shuli, a well-known modern writer in China, accidentally heard about the love tragedy of a militia squad leader and a girl in the same village in a liberated area. As a result, both of them were stoned to death alive by the villagers. After that, he let go of his imagination, embellished the story and carried out reasonable expansion and transformation, so he got the famous novella "Marriage of Little Black Boys". A large number of facts prove that "art exists by imagination" (Gorky language). When writing a composition, an object, a scene, a moving story, a trace of concern about mood, a feeling of joy, etc., according to the topic and theme, follow the inherent law of life, trigger associations, or add branches and leaves, enrich and develop, so that ordinary events become radiant.

Repentance of the King of Chu, an excellent composition in Hebei Province in 23, expanded a text about Chu Huaiwang in the textbook Historical Records and Biography of Qu Yuan. In the textbook, Chu Huaiwang is a minor figure, and Sima Qian used less pen and ink in his writing, so his characters are relatively thin. In the composition, the examinee portrays Chu Huaiwang as the main character, adding many psychological descriptions for him: "My heart is like the waves of the sea, and my mind is like the Yangtze River. On the one hand, my beautiful wife, on the other hand, is the doctor who nags in my ear all day, and the balance of my mind begins to weigh for a long time." "I'm so confused. Why should I trust my' beloved wife' and this femme fatale? Why should I exile my' San Lv' and this loyal and patriotic sage! I can't forget the figure of him who left in the class, and I can't forget the deep feeling of his tears hanging from the corner of his eyes ... "In Huai Wang's contradictory thoughts and spiritual confession, the theme of" different feelings lead to cognitive errors "is pointed out, which makes the story more substantial and rich.