Human history has entered the twenty-first century. Entering a peaceful, stable and prosperous world into the new century is the aspiration of the Chinese government and people.

In an important historical period, China is committed to modernization. China needs and cherishes a long-term international peaceful environment, especially a good surrounding environment. The Chinese people are willing to work with people of all countries in the world to make unremitting efforts for the noble cause of promoting world peace and development and creating a better future for mankind.

The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "Establishing a solid national defense is a strategic task of our country's modernization drive, and it is to safeguard national security, unity and comprehensive construction.

1. The concept of national defense

National defense is a survival science and a country’s defense. It refers to the military and military-related political, diplomatic, economic, and Construction and struggle in culture and other aspects.

National defense comes with the birth of a country and serves national interests. Churchill once said: “We have no eternal friends and no eternal enemies, only eternal interests. . "This is true. National defense is directly related to national security, national dignity, and social development.

1. The subject of national defense: the country.

2. The purpose of national defense : Defend national sovereignty, unity, safeguard national security, and defend the country’s territorial integrity.

3. National defense means: military, political, economic, diplomatic, etc.

4. National defense. Object: aggression and armed subversion.

5. Status and role: ⑴ National security guarantee. ⑶ Important conditions for national prosperity and development. Ancient National Defense: Ancient my country’s national defense has a history of approximately 4,000 years, from the establishment of the Xia Dynasty in the 21st century BC to the end of the Opium War in 1840 AD. During the long history of national defense, the Chinese nation has experienced countless bloody battles. The baptism of fire cultivated the cohesion of the nation and the martial spirit of self-improvement and defense against aggression, and eventually formed a multi-ethnic country with a large territory.

⑴ Ancient national defense policy and defense theory

In ancient China, many effective national defense policies and theories were put forward to improve national defense capabilities: first, the national defense guiding ideology of "putting the people first" and "being prepared for danger in times of peace"; second, "enriching the country and strengthening its military" and "locating troops in agriculture" The national defense construction ideology; the third is the national defense education ideology of "patriotism and war" and "advocating martial ethics"; the fourth is the national defense struggle strategy of "victory without fighting" and "securing the country and the entire army", etc., so that our country can achieve great results. It has won countless foreign wars, enabled the Chinese nation to multiply and prosper from generation to generation, and led to the heyday of national defense when "China was at peace, and all barbarians submitted themselves"

⑵ The construction of the military system in ancient times

The so-called military system is the military system, which is now generally called the military system. It includes the armed force system, military leadership system and military service system.

In the armed force system, In ancient China, the army was generally divided into the central army, the local army and the border army. Before the Qin Dynasty, the armed forces were relatively simple. In terms of the composition of the military force, a civilian-military system was implemented, which was used for production in peacetime and the formation of an army in wartime. The army was formed through temporary recruitment. After the Qin Dynasty, with the improvement of the political system and the development of economic production, each dynasty divided the army into central armies, local armies and military units based on the country's situation and national defense needs, as well as garrison areas and tasks. The Border Guard Army also made specific regulations on the organization and establishment of the army, guarding the border, military service and military taxes, army allocation, military supplies, post passages, and the manufacture and distribution of weapons. They were promulgated and implemented in the form of laws, such as the Tang Dynasty's "Wei Ban Law", "Military Defense Order", etc.

In terms of the military leadership system, there were no specialized military institutions in the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties. The king generally presided over military affairs and led troops in battles in the Spring and Autumn Period. At the end of the period, the system of generals and prime ministers emerged in state institutions, with generals as the main components of military command structures. During the Warring States Period, it was common for generals to independently lead troops in operations.

After the unification of Qin, an institution specializing in military management was established, and the highest military official was called Taiwei. The Sui Dynasty reformed the state institutions and established a three-province and six-ministry system, and a dedicated department in charge of military affairs - the Ministry of War. In order to prevent "powerful generals" from relying on their own troops, the Song Dynasty established the Privy Council in the central government as the highest body of military leadership, with civilian officials serving as chief officials. The Privy Council has the power to dispatch the army, but not to command; the general has the power to command the army, but cannot dispatch the army, resulting in mutual restraint between the Privy Council and the general. Although the military leadership systems of each dynasty were not consistent, the imperial power was supreme, and the power to deploy and use the army was always in the hands of the emperor.

The military service system has developed and changed with the political, economic, demographic conditions and military needs of each historical period. During the slave society period, productivity was low, the population was sparse, and the scale of wars was small. The civilian-military system was mainly implemented with the integration of soldiers and civilians. During the feudal society period, the civilian army system gradually evolved into a military service system that was adapted to the historical conditions at that time, such as the conscription system in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the world military system in the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the government military system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the recruitment system in the Song Dynasty, and the guard station in the Ming Dynasty. Military service, etc.

⑶National defense project construction in ancient times

In ancient my country, in order to resist the invasion of foreign enemies and consolidate border and coastal defense, a large number of large-scale national defense projects were built. Such as the city, the Great Wall, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal and coastal defense fortresses, etc.

The city is the earliest and most numerous project in ancient my country’s national defense construction. City construction began in the Shang Dynasty, and then continued to expand in scale and improve its structure until modern times. As a result, the offensive and defensive operations of the city became one of the main styles of ancient Chinese wars.

The Great Wall is the continuation and development of city construction and was first built during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After Qin destroyed the six kingdoms and unified them, in 214 BC, in order to defend against the southern invasion of the northern Huns, the Great Walls in the northern parts of Qin, Zhao, and Yan were repaired and connected into one. The former site stretches from Linting (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) in the west, to the Yinshan Mountain in the north, and to Liaodong in the east. After being built and connected many times in various dynasties, by the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall was formed, starting from Jiayuguan in the west and ending at Shanhaiguan in the east.

The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is a great water conservancy project in ancient my country. During the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui Dynasty, the original river channel was dug continuously. The canal starts from Tongzhou in the north and ends in Hangzhou in the south, with a total length of 1,794 kilometers. It connects many states and counties in the north and south, and plays a positive role in military transportation and the "south-to-north grain transportation".

The construction of ancient coastal defense began in the Ming Dynasty. In order to prevent Japanese pirates from attacking, the Ming Dynasty successively built a coastal defense engineering system in important coastal areas, with the Acropolis and the New City as the backbone, and a combination of water and land forts, barracks, piers, platforms, and beacons.

3. National defense after the founding of New China: The first stage: (1949-1953) The period of recovery from external aggression and internal treatment of trauma.

The second stage: (1953-1966) adjustment period.

The third stage: (1966-1976) "Cultural Revolution" period.

The fourth stage: (1977-1989) modernization construction period.

Revelation from the history of national defense: ⑴ Economic development is the foundation for strong national defense. (2) Political prosperity is the foundation for consolidating national defense. (3) National unity and national unity are the keys to strong national defense. (4) Scientific and technological progress is an important guarantee for strong national defense.

The current national defense leadership system: (1) The national defense leadership authority of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. (2) The national defense powers of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress. (3) The powers of the President in national defense. (5) The powers of the State Council in national defense. (6) The powers of the Central Military Commission in national defense.

Armed force system: (1) Chinese People’s Liberation Army. (2) Chinese People’s Armed Police Force. (3) Militia

National defense mobilization system: The report of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly stated the requirement of “improving the national defense mobilization system and strengthening national defense mobilization construction”. The national defense mobilization system is an important part of the national defense mobilization system. As an organizational system, it is the country's organizational system, institutional setup, division of responsibilities and mutual relationships regarding national defense mobilization. The functional status of the national defense mobilization system has a very important impact on enhancing the country's national defense mobilization capabilities.

Main contents: (1) Mobilization of armed forces. (2) Mobilization of the national economy. (3) Civil air defense mobilization. (4) National defense transportation mobilization.

(5) Political mobilization.

my country’s national defense policy: As a socialist country, our country’s national defense policy is defensive in nature and is to safeguard national security, maintain world peace, and oppose foreign aggression. In order to serve aggression, our strengthening of national defense is entirely for self-defense.

China adheres to the path of peaceful development and unswervingly pursues a defensive national defense policy. China's national defense is the security guarantee for national survival and development. Strengthening the modernization of national defense and the military, safeguarding national security and unity, and ensuring the smooth progress of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way are the main tasks of China's national defense. China's national defense policy is based on the country's fundamental interests and is subject to and serves the country's development strategy and security strategy. China has firmly grasped and made full use of the important strategic opportunity period in the first two decades of this century, adhered to the unity of development and security, strived to improve its national strategic capabilities, used diversified security means to respond to traditional and non-traditional security threats, and pursued national Comprehensive political, economic, military and social security.

3. Overview of national defense regulations: Features: (1) The military nature of the adjustment object. (2) The degree of transparency is limited. (3) The priority of judicial joint use. (4) Severity of punishment measures.

4. Introduction to the "National Defense Law of the People's Republic of China":

<1> Basic principles of national defense activities: ① Safeguard national interests. ②Unified leadership. ③Coordinated development. ④Independence. ⑤Active defense.

⑥National self-defense.

<2>National defense obligations and rights of citizens and organizations.

Article 50 It is the honorable obligation of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and join militia organizations in accordance with the law.

Military service agencies at all levels and grassroots people's armed forces should handle military service in accordance with the law, complete recruitment work in accordance with the orders of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, and ensure the quality of soldiers. Other relevant state agencies, social groups, enterprises and institutions shall complete the militia and reserve work in accordance with the law, and assist the military service agencies in completing the recruitment work.

Article 54 Citizens and organizations have the right to make suggestions for national defense construction and the right to stop or report behaviors that endanger national defense.

Military service system:

1. Combination of compulsory soldiers and volunteers.

2. Combination of militia and reserve forces.

Usual collection:

1. Collection age. 2. The degree of collection. 3. Delay or no levy.

Student military training: Student military training is carried out in accordance with the Military Service Law and the National Defense Education Law. Organizing military training for students in colleges and universities and senior middle schools is an important measure to strengthen the construction of national defense reserve forces, an important measure to comprehensively promote school quality education and the national talent strategic project, and is also a way for young students to fulfill their military service obligations. At present, our country has 1,660 colleges and universities and 27,000 senior middle schools that carry out student military training every year, training 12 million students. Student military training has entered a stage of comprehensive popularization and shows a good momentum of development. Through military training, the ideals and beliefs of the majority of young students have become more firm, the concept of national defense and national security awareness have been further enhanced, the spirit of patriotism, collectivism and revolutionary heroism has been strengthened, organizational discipline has been continuously strengthened, will and quality have been honed, and the spirit of hard work and hard work has been strengthened. The simple style is promoted. In recent years, the number of young students requesting to join the party, join the army, and apply for national defense students has increased significantly. It is generally reflected from various places that student military training is a major event that benefits the country, the people, and the military, and its educational function cannot be replaced by any other form of education. The implementation of this work has aroused strong repercussions in society and has been generally welcomed by all walks of life. The promulgation of the "Regulations on Student Military Training" ensures that student military training work has laws and regulations to follow, and will definitely promote the standardization and institutionalization of student military training work.

National Defense Education Law: In order to popularize and strengthen national defense education, carry forward the spirit of patriotism, promote national defense construction and the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, this law is formulated in accordance with the National Defense Law and the Education Law.

The basic principle of the National Defense Education Law is to combine regular education with centralized education, universal education with key education, and theoretical education with behavioral education.

The policy of the National Defense Education Law is universal participation and long-term persistence. Pay attention to practical results.

The "National Defense Education Law" clearly stipulates the content and purpose of national defense education in Article 3: "The state enables citizens to enhance their awareness of national defense, master basic national defense knowledge, and learn necessary "National defense concept refers to people's understanding and attitude towards national defense; national defense knowledge refers to basic theories and common sense about national defense; military skills training includes learning about atomic defense, chemical defense, and defense." Biological weapons knowledge and the use of personal protective equipment, civil air defense knowledge and battlefield rescue knowledge, carry out military training activities such as shooting, bombing, and assassination, as well as military sports such as cross-country, parachuting, gliding, sailing, and driving. Therefore, as a relatively independent and complete educational discipline, national defense education is very rich in content. It can be said that all theories, knowledge, spirit, etc. related to national defense are part of the content of national defense education. From the aspects of completeness and systematicity, national defense education mainly includes:

National defense theory: National defense theory education is a higher level of national defense education, which generally includes the status and role of national defense, the composition of national defense, and Construction and other three aspects of theory.

National defense history: The history of any country or nation has both brilliant and tortuous aspects. The correct use of positive and negative historical experiences to educate future generations can inspire and inspire people. The role of forging ahead, national defense history education is the most shocking and influential.

National defense knowledge. National defense knowledge refers to some basic knowledge about national defense that citizens should understand, including national defense knowledge, such as the basic concepts of territory, territorial sea, and airspace, the importance and basic principles of defense, etc. The basic characteristics of modern warfare, the requirements for nationals in wartime mobilization, as well as some knowledge on situational combat readiness, national defense construction, etc., such as the main responsibilities and tasks of the People's Liberation Army, the armed police force, the militia, and the reserve force, and national defense science knowledge.

National defense spirit. National defense spiritual education is the central content of national defense education, which mainly includes three aspects: patriotism spiritual education, martial spirit education and revolutionary heroism spiritual education.

In addition, national defense legal system, national defense science and technology, national defense economy, national defense diplomacy and situation, national defense sports, etc. are also important contents of national defense education. These contents of national defense education are interconnected, penetrate each other, and promote each other. The core is patriotism education. The purpose of national defense education is to enable citizens to "inspire patriotic enthusiasm and consciously perform national defense obligations."

5. In my heart national defense.

In my heart, national defense is the foundation of a country, national defense is a noble cause that every Chinese should regard, and those who engage in national defense are the most noble and great people in the world. .

With the development of the times, technology continues to develop, humans continue to progress, and society becomes more civilized. The boundaries between countries and races are shrinking day by day, people's lives are getting better and better, and their quality is getting higher and higher. Peace and development have become the themes of today's society. In the minds of many people, national defense is only worthy of attention in war years, and seems redundant in this peaceful age.

However, if there is no strong national defense as the backing, no matter how strong the economy is, it will come to nothing. As we all know, those who fall behind will be beaten. Today's hegemony and power are rampant. Due to the Gulf War, Iraq, which was once a prosperous and prosperous country, was considered an economic power, but now it can only be slaughtered by others. Aren't Afghanistan and Yugoslavia in the past few years both living examples? If they had their own strong national defense backing, would they still be at the mercy of others? If the United States and other countries do not have strong national defense backing, can they wantonly provoke war?

Each of us has our own good wishes and grand blueprints, but evil bullets are still threatening some countries and regions, and even threatening the peace of the world. The people's army shoulders the important task of building socialist modernization.

Without them, there would be no peaceful and stable development situation, and we would not be able to fight hegemonism to the end; without them, the people's lives and property would not be protected.

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