Scientific knowledge of first-year students 1. Encyclopedia of first-year scientific knowledge.

Small scientific knowledge

1. Rabbits beat the ground with their legs to send messages. Most of them beat the ground with their hind legs, which is a way for them to express their feelings to the female rabbits.

2. The biggest monkey in the world is a baboon and the smallest monkey is a bonobo.

3. The real name of "Four Elephants" is Elk, which is a rare animal in China.

4. Why does sorbet get angry?

The reason why sorbet bubbles is because there is a lot of invisible water vapor in the outside air. When it comes to cold sorbet, it will liquefy into droplets when it is cold. It seems that the sorbet is bubbling.

5. Why do sunflowers always face the sun?

Sunflower stems contain a wonderful auxin. This auxin is very afraid of light. When it is illuminated, it will go to the backlight side, and the cells on the backlight side will multiply rapidly. Therefore, the backlit side will grow faster than the bright side, which will bend the sunflower to light.

2. Popular science knowledge suitable for first-grade primary school students.

Popular science knowledge suitable for first-grade primary school students is useful for fire safety knowledge.

First, LPG cookers should not be placed in bedrooms, offices, balconies, warehouses, auditoriums and other public places to prevent air leakage and fire.

Second, correctly grasp the use of the switch, wait for the fire, don't wait for the fire, remember to turn off the valve and switch after use, and replace the valve in time if it is broken. Don't let children use cookers or play with switches at will.

Third, when using liquefied gas, someone should look after it and stay away from it. Pay attention to adjust the size of the rotor at any time to prevent the soup from overflowing and extinguishing the flame or being blown out by the wind, resulting in air leakage.

Fourth, liquefied gas tanks should be upright, not upside down, and cannot be cooked or roasted with fire.

5. If there is air leakage, measures should be taken immediately: open doors and windows, ventilate with a fan (but not an electric fan), and then find the leaking part.

3. Seek primary school scientific knowledge.

▲. What is the universe? A: The universe is the floorboard of everything in the world. It has no boundary, no end, no beginning and no end.

▲. How big is the Milky Way? A: Many stars combine to form a huge galaxy. The galaxy where the solar system is located is called the Milky Way. The Milky Way is like a big discus, with a width of about 80,000 light years, a center thickness of about 1 0.2 million light years, and a total number of stars exceeding10,000.

▲. Why can't I see the stars during the day? A: Because part of the sunlight is scattered by gas and dust in the atmosphere during the day, the sky is very bright and the light radiated by the sun is so strong that we can't see the stars. ▲. What celestial bodies are there in the solar system? A: There are nine planets in the solar system.

They are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. In addition, there are many asteroids, comets and meteors in the solar system, and there are 2958 officially numbered asteroids.

The most famous comet is Halley's comet. ▲. Why do stars have different colors? A: The color of a star depends on its temperature.

Different colors represent different surface temperatures: the surface temperature of blue stars is high and that of red stars is low. ▲. What is the brightest star? A: The brightest star in the sky is Sirius Canis with a magnitude of 1.46.

8.7 light years from the earth. ▲. How to find Polaris? A: It's easy to find Polaris in the sky: first find Ursa major, and then find the Big Dipper.

A straight line leads from the two Polaris at the edge of the spoon head, extends past and passes through the Polaris. The distance from Polaris to the spoon head is exactly five times the distance between two Polaris.

You can also find Polaris through Cassiopeia. ▲. How high is the blue sky? A: The "blue sky" is actually the earth's atmosphere.

The atmosphere is the air around the earth, which is divided into five layers according to the air density, with a total thickness of 2000-3000 kilometers. But most of the air is concentrated below 15 km from the ground, and the higher the air, the thinner it is.

How thick the atmosphere is, how high the blue sky should be. ▲. Why is the sky blue? A: When sunlight hits the earth's atmosphere, blue light is most easily separated from other colors, diffused into the air, and then reflected.

The light of other colors has strong penetrating ability, and shines on the earth through the atmosphere, so we can only see the blue light in the sun when we look at the sky. ▲. Why is the sky red at sunset? A: Because sunlight travels a long distance in the atmosphere at sunset.

Except for red light, all other colors of light can't travel that far, and they all disappear before they reach our eyes. Only red light runs farthest and can reach our eyes, so we see that the color of the sky turns red at sunset.

▲. Will the moon shine? The moon is not a star. It can't shine, but it can reflect sunlight. Although only 7% of the light it reflects can reach the earth, it is enough to light up the night on our earth.

▲. How many stars can we see? A: We can see 7,000 stars from the earth with the naked eye, but because the earth is round, no matter where we stand on the earth, we can only see half of the sky, and the stars near the horizon are not clear, so our naked eye can only see about 3,000 stars. ▲. How high is the temperature of the sun? A: The central temperature of the sun is as high as192,000,000℃ and the surface temperature is 6000℃.

But because the sun is far away from us, with1.500 million kilometers, we don't feel so hot. ▲. Why does the earth turn? A: Because the earth has gravity, it is precisely because of this gravity that the earth turns.

The rotation speed of the earth is per hour 1700 km, that is, 470 meters per second; The revolution speed is about 29.8 kilometers per second. ▲. Why is the sun white at noon? Answer: Because at noon, the sun can shine directly on the ground, unlike things on the ground (such as mountains, trees, buildings and turbid air) in the morning and evening, it is still the original white light, which makes people afraid to open their eyes.

▲. Why is it difficult to walk on the moon? A: Because the gravity on the moon is very small, it is easy to slip when walking, and only 20 steps can be taken in one minute. If you walk in a hurry, it's easy to fly. Once it flies, it is unstable for a long time. Therefore, it is very difficult to walk on the moon.

▲. Why doesn't the earth shine? A: Because the temperature of the earth is relatively low, the hottest place (the core) is two or three thousand degrees, unlike the temperature of the sun, which will cause thermonuclear reaction, so the earth will not shine. ▲. Why can't people feel that the earth is turning? A: Because the earth is very big and rotates smoothly, we are also following it. We take ourselves as a reference, so we can't feel the earth spinning.

▲. What is thunder? A: This is a natural phenomenon that negative electricity meets positive electricity. When it rains, some clouds in the sky are positively charged and some are negatively charged. When two clouds meet, they will discharge, emit bright and bright lightning, and at the same time release a lot of heat, which will make the surrounding air heated, expand and make a loud noise. This is thunder.

▲. What is a meteor shower? A: There are many small celestial bodies in the universe flying at their own orbits and speeds. Some blew themselves up and some collided with other celestial bodies.

But they kept flying. When their orbits meet the earth's orbit, they fall to the ground like raindrops. This phenomenon is called meteor shower.

▲. Where is the cloud going? A: Clouds are water vapor floating in the air. Air is also constantly flowing in the air.

The flow of air is the wind, which blows away the clouds. The faster the air moves, the faster the cloud moves.

▲. Why can an airplane fly into the sky? A: An airplane has two wings. Just like the wings of a bird, it also has a propeller. The wing can generate lift and lift the plane into the air; Propeller can produce the ability to push the plane forward.

Therefore, the plane can fly into the sky like a bird.

4. How to cultivate students' good scientific study habits from the first year of high school?

A student's good study habits will play an important role in his future development. Mathematics is a thinking training course, which requires students to use their brains and hands to discover knowledge, master methods and exercise their abilities. It is an important duty of every math teacher to cultivate students' good study habits in primary schools. The study habits of junior students include: the habit of listening attentively, asking questions actively, reading carefully, strictly observing discipline, thinking independently, finishing homework on time, and using classroom language correctly. With good study habits, students can become masters of learning, actively study, think and solve practical problems in learning, and their comprehensive quality will be improved in an all-round way.

How to cultivate good study habits of junior students? In my opinion, as a teacher, we must understand the behavior characteristics of junior students, study the learning process and methods of junior students, teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be good at guiding and inspiring, and help students develop good study habits through repeated training.

It is a good habit to guide students positively and let them know how to do it.

Junior students are imitative and malleable, but have poor ability to distinguish right from wrong. My approach is to insist on positive inspiration and guidance, teach students how to do it, let them understand simple truth, so as to mobilize them to actively and consciously follow the requirements put forward by teachers and gradually form good study habits. Don't wait for students to have bad habits before trying to correct them, because it is much easier to cultivate correct habits than to correct them. In teaching, we often express teachers' expectations of junior students in the form of their favorite songs according to their psychological characteristics, and give them cognitive guidance, so that they can consciously and happily work in the direction I expect.

First-grade teachers often need to demonstrate teaching AIDS or make some requirements in the teaching process. I will sort out the requirements for seeing teachers demonstrate teaching AIDS:

Look intently, listen attentively,

Keep your words and deeds in mind.

When necessary, I asked the students, "Now, I'm going to demonstrate the teaching AIDS, and you have to ..." The students replied with one voice, "Watch attentively, listen attentively, and match words with deeds." Timely and appropriate use can enliven the classroom atmosphere and concentrate students' attention.

The use of regular songs must be timely and appropriate. Also pay attention to the rhythm, the last word must be heard, if it is dull and listless, it is meaningless. Children's songs can not be completely used for students' cognitive guidance, and the method of "telling stories and reasoning" is also good. Explaining the proverbs and famous sayings of celebrities is also a good way to give children cognitive guidance. The famous saying I often tell my children is: "Learning is like sailing against the current, if you don't advance, you will retreat"; "Learn well for three years and learn badly for three days"; Language is the mirror of the soul, and what kind of people say what kind of words.

Create opportunities for students and practice their habits persistently.

Good habits cannot be formed overnight. Learning is only the beginning of training.

At the beginning, we should also create opportunities for students to practice repeatedly, one by one, and persevere. Study habits are practiced, not spoken. According to the research of scientists, it takes 2 1 day to form a good habit, which is only an average value. Habits are different, everyone's seriousness is different, and the time spent is different. Therefore, if you want to cultivate a habit, you must stick to it for one month. Never fish for three days and dry the net for two days. If you remember it, you will catch it. If you can't remember it, you won't catch it. It is very important to cultivate the persistence of habits, as the famous educator Mann said: "Habits are like a cable. We wrap a new rope around her every day, and before long, she will become unbreakable. "

Cultivating students' good study habits is a long-term, arduous and meticulous work, which requires not only long-term planning, short-term goals and persistent efforts, but also the training behavior of "sneaking into the night with the wind and moistening things silently". We should follow the law from unconsciousness to consciousness, from simple repeated imitation to conscious training, and then achieve the law that habit becomes nature. Therefore, students' routine compliance can be evaluated at any time in close contact with the teaching process, so that students can participate in training activities unconsciously and voluntarily. You stand as beautiful as a TV host,

"Your voice is as sweet as an announcer", "Your tongue is more fluent than Song Shixiong", "How well your handwriting is, if you don't erase it and don't change it, you will get three little red flowers" (correct, standardized and beautiful). And conduct repeated behavior drills for habits that are difficult to form. "Strict requirements, patient guidance and repeated training" is the key to forming good habits.

5. What knowledge should I master in mathematics in the first grade of primary school?

In order for students to get the best effect of mastering learning methods, we must find methods that conform to children's age characteristics, personality characteristics, knowledge level and learning content. And this way needs us to learn, explore and summarize in practice. According to the experience of some teachers, primary school students can master learning methods in three ways in classroom teaching.

1. Instructions-Try

Instruction is the teacher's active guidance, prompt and explanation; Trying is that students try to follow the teacher's instructions.

The mastery of learning the law, like the acquisition of knowledge, has a development process from scratch, from less to more, and never having a meeting. At the beginning, in a big program, teachers should give clear instructions on their own initiative in the process of imparting knowledge. For example, how to speak and answer questions, how to write, how to spell syllables, how to observe illustrations, how to memorize glyphs to understand the meaning, how to read words and sentences, how to make words and sentences, how to say complete words and so on. Teachers are required to explain learning methods while putting forward learning requirements to students. Not only students who are ignorant of the law and ignorant need to specify in advance, but also students who have mastered some knowledge and learning methods in middle and senior grades need to specify in advance when inputting difficult learning content. For example, the method of using the central sentence as the meaning of the paragraph; Summarize the main content of the article by connecting paragraphs, summarize the main content of the article and analyze the author's writing purpose. It should also be pointed out in advance by the teacher when he first came into contact with these methods.

However, without students' attempts and applications, only teachers' guidance can't do it. Only by combining learning practice, using prescribed learning methods and practicing repeatedly can we say that we have mastered this learning method.

2. Demonstration-imitation

Demonstration means that teachers use teaching methods to set an example for students' learning methods; Imitation means that students understand the essence and use it to learn new knowledge of the same kind.

Primary school students master learning methods, and according to the psychological characteristics of imitative children, teachers need to demonstrate to students intentionally, accurately and clearly, whether in the early stage of school or in the middle and high grades. The methods and steps used to understand a certain kind of text, a series of thinking questions designed to understand someone, something and something, and the process of breaking through a certain difficulty and guiding students to analyze and reason are displayed in front of students, so that students can get inspiration from teachers' teaching methods, understand the essence of teaching methods, stimulate imitation psychology, and then use teachers' demonstration methods to learn new similar knowledge, which can play the role of "taking teaching methods as an example and learning methods as a side"

From "demonstration" to "imitation" and from "pointing" to "trying", this is an invisible guidance, and it is the process of students' psychological activities from perception to understanding, which is realized through invisible thinking activities.

3. Review-Summary

Review is self-discovery, self-experience, and self-reflection on the learning methods you have used; Generalization is to evaluate and process the learning methods used to learn similar knowledge on the basis of review and bring them into the overall structure of the learning method system.

Students master learning methods, some are pointed out and tried by teachers, some are demonstrated and imitated by teachers, and some are not pointed out, tried and imitated by teachers, but explored and created by students themselves. Even if the teacher has pointed out and demonstrated, sometimes students will modify some parts and create methods suitable for their own characteristics. A student's knowledge base, personality development and brain function are different, so students should be encouraged to seek different methods according to their own characteristics. Learning is regular but not fixed. Learning methods that conform to students' personality characteristics are often explored by students themselves in practice. Some students learn very well. Apart from hard work, they have created effective learning methods suitable for their own characteristics. The learning method of creation and discovery is much more useful than the learning method of professor. Many students have indeed created many good learning methods. They should choose the right time, arrange the right time, guide students to review the learning process, reflect on the used learning methods, analyze and compare them one by one, eliminate the learning methods that have been proved to be ineffective, sum up the scientific methods that conform to the objective laws of learning, and affirm some creative and correct methods after sorting them out.

From "review" to "summary" is also a complete process of mastering learning methods. On the basis of review, we must summarize it in time. Only "reviewing" without "summarizing" can not gradually form a well-structured learning system, and scattered methods can not achieve effective migration.

Review-Summarize a link that is usually arranged in teaching, and sometimes it can also be carried out in the form of a method exchange meeting and a column of "Learning Method Highlights". Multi-directional communication among students in the form of group activities can not only urge students to summarize their learning methods, but also promote students to explore their learning methods in depth.

From "pointing out" to "trying", from "demonstrating" to "imitating", from "reviewing" to "summarizing" is the dialectical and unified development process of mastering learning methods. They are interdependent and inseparable. Pointing out-trying, demonstrating-imitating and reviewing-summarizing are three different levels of methods, from low to high and from shallow to deep. It should be selected according to the specific conditions of students with different learning contents and different levels. Sometimes they can penetrate and cooperate with each other.