In today's social life, modern design participates in and affects people's production and life. Art design, environmental art, industrial modeling and other fields are directly or indirectly influenced by Bauhaus, and there is more or less consciousness of its design concept, such as the guiding ideology of "combining art with technology" and the dialectical relationship between product use value and aesthetic value.
the Bauhaus institute in Germany, founded in 1919, is the first institute in the world to develop design education. It was founded by the famous German architect Gropius (1883-1969), the founder of modernist architecture and modernist design.
the word "Bauhaus" is transformed from the medieval "civil guild", which means to establish a cooperative relationship like that of medieval craftsmen, trying to break the boundary between pure art and craft technology, and unite artists and craft technicians to create perfect works of art with spiritual and material unity. Its essence is to promote the creation of plastic arts under modern new technologies. Bauhaus College is the first architectural industrial design school in the world, and its birth is a milestone of modern architectural industrial design. According to the term of its principal, Bauhaus can be divided into three stages: 1919-1928 when Gropius was the principal, 1928-193 when Meyer was the principal, and Mies? President Van Drozhzhin's 193-1933. The principal's role is of great significance to Bauhaus. (2) According to the three movements of the school site, Bauhaus experienced Weimar period (1919-1924), Dubai period (1925-193) and Berlin period (1931-1933).
Many great changes have taken place in Bauhaus College in terms of school composition, teaching ideas, professional curriculum, teacher system and design concept. That is, Gropius's idealism and its romantic utopian spirit, Meyer's * * * political goal, Mies' pragmatic direction and rigorous working methods. All these have a strong and distinct brand of the times, but at the same time, they have achieved the richness of Bauhaus's spiritual content and the complexity of cultural characteristics, which laid the foundation for modern design education, made great contributions to modern architecture and industrial design revolution, and also had a far-reaching impact on world culture.
On April 1st, 1919, after the end of World War I, Bauhaus was formally established in Weimar. Gropius personally drafted and published the Bauhaus Declaration, in which he proposed: "A complete building is the ultimate goal of visual arts ... architects, sculptors and painters, we should turn to applied arts ... art is not a specialized profession. There is no fundamental difference between artists and technologists ... Let's establish a new artists' organization, in which there is absolutely no concept of career stage that makes great obstacles between technologists and artists ... "(3) In the Bauhaus Declaration, Gropius's core idea is: First, break the boundaries of art types. The second is to raise the status of craftsmen to the level of artists. This is what Gropius meant by "art and technology-new unity".
Johannesburg? Johannes Itten (1888-1967) is a Swiss painter, who is recognized as the first person in the world to systematically create the basic course of modern design and the first host of the basic course of Bauhaus Foundation. In the basic courses, he particularly emphasized two aspects: first, the in-depth understanding and experience of form, color, material and texture, including the discussion and understanding of plane and three-dimensional forms. Second, through the analysis of painting, find out the rules of visual form, especially the rules of rhythm and structure, and gradually make students have a special visual development sensitivity to natural things. At the same time, Eaton was also one of the earliest educators who set up modern color system teaching, but Eaton was obsessed with early Christian philosophy and China philosophy, with sensitivity and strong religious consciousness. Therefore, its teaching methods and contents are often a mixture of scientific visual form and mysticism spirit, and some interfere with normal teaching, which has been criticized and attacked by many people. Finally, he left Bauhaus in 1923 to engage in artistic creation in Zurich, and continued to study China's philosophy.
in October 1922, Laszlo? Mohory? Moholy Nagy (1895-1946) succeeded Eaton. He was young, active and brilliant, and was once praised by Gropius as "one of the most active colleagues in establishing Bauhaus education, and many achievements of Bauhaus were his achievements". (4) Najib made the Bauhaus preparatory school get rid of the philosophical tendency and have obvious technical tendency. In art design, he adapted aesthetics to structural logic. He arranged three groups of courses for preparatory students, namely, technology, art and science, so that students could understand the properties of materials, master the contents of concepts such as formal surface, structure, volume, space and movement, learn to use hand tools and production equipment, be familiar with the principle of modeling expression, and combine students' image perception with rational thinking. Najib is a major theorist who applied Bauhaus's artistic concepts to industry and architecture. After Gropius, he became the most influential figure in the spread and development of Bauhaus's ideas, and influenced a whole generation of artists, architects and designers. [next] Jose Albas (1888-1961), the third host of Bauhaus Preparatory School, also has the teaching tendency of rational thinking, but Binaghi is more practical. He placed great emphasis on students' understanding of the characteristics of materials and processes, so that students could be completely close to practical tasks in making industrial products. Albers often discusses and analyzes works with students. He believes that two-way communication is more helpful to develop students' structural thinking than one-way teaching by teachers.
Paul Klee (1897-194), an expressionist painter, and Vassily Kandinsky (1897-1944), a pioneer of abstract painting, were also the most influential members of Bauhaus, who played a positive role in improving the educational system of the college. Klee is rich in theoretical knowledge and is a highly sensitive person in modern art. What he cares about is not the distinction between abstraction and concreteness, but how to liberate all elements from the unified norms, decompose, combine and reconstruct them to form a whole of multi-voices, and create eternal harmony through dynamic balance, so as to make them close to the core of creation. ⑤ The courses of "Analysis of Natural Phenomena" and "Modeling, Space, Motion and Perspective Research" by Klee discuss the relationship between nature and physics, mathematics and human cognition from the role of modeling. He tries his best to simplify and clarify the theory, pays attention to the analysis of form, and is good at combining elements and emphasizing the relationship between feeling and creativity. Kandinsky is a great expressionist master and a pioneer of modern abstract art. His teaching begins with the completely abstract theory of color and shape, and then links these abstract contents with concrete design. His exposition on point, line and surface has played an important role in Bauhaus's basic course teaching. These contents have become the forerunner of plane composition in modern design education system.
Bauhaus emphasized the combination of plastic arts and put forward the idea of combining art with technology; Emphasize the dialectical relationship between the use value and aesthetic value of new industrial products; Emphasize the use of new material, new technology and modern abstract forms determined by practical functions; Emphasize the combination of artistic design ability and craft production labor; Emphasize the cooperation between artists and break down the barriers between artists and craftsmen. Bauhaus laid the foundation of modern design education system, and its curriculum structure and teaching methods became the starting point of design education in many schools around the world. The outstanding designers trained pushed modern design to a new height, and their spirit, concepts and methods were regarded as the classics of modernism for a long time. Bauhaus advocates free creation in design, opposes imitation and rut, advocates understanding the characteristics of modern design while mastering handicrafts, vigorously carries out international and domestic exchanges and cooperation, and cultivates new talents with modern design culture, creative thinking ability and art, craft and design.
Bauhaus's design thought provides a basis and criterion for the expansion and perfection of modern design thought, which makes modern design thought more systematic and standardized. The functional design principle advocated by Bauhaus makes modern design re-explore the material carrier of product function, effectively use the carrier, make the carrier multi-functional, and make more in-depth research on materials, modeling, use environment and other factors. The development of Bauhaus is bumpy and short-lived, but its influence is huge in the world. While absorbing Bauhaus's design theory and educational thought, we should combine the scientific exploration spirit and modern aesthetic consciousness with our traditional culture in combination with specific problems in reality to better promote the development of modern design.
Nowadays, human beings have entered the 21st century, and modern design has mushroomed, showing a trend of rapid development, and has penetrated into all fields of production and life closely related to people, and spanned many disciplines and systems. Although it has been 86 years since Bauhaus was founded only 14 years ago, Bauhaus's design ideas have had a far-reaching impact on modern design.
Notes:
① Zhang Tong. Overview of the theoretical framework of overall regional architecture [J]. huazhong architecture, 1993 (3): 22.
② Ling Jiyao, Xu Hengchun. Art and Design [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2.
③ Wang Shouzhi. History of modern world design [M]. 22: 142.
④ Zhang Fuye. History of Foreign Arts and Crafts [M]. Beijing: China Translation Publishing House, 1999: 525.
⑤ Wang Bingzhang. Bauhaus's industrial design and its development research [J]. Journal of Anhui Institute of Architecture (Natural Science Edition), 25(12):36.