Alfred Bernhard Nobel
Full name of Nobel Prize: Alfred bernhard Nobel.
Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist, founder of the Nobel Prize.
183365438+1October 2 1 was born in Stockholm. Mother became a descendant of Rudbach, a famous Swedish naturalist, because she discovered lymphatic vessels. He learned the basic knowledge of engineering from his father, Emmanuel Nobel, who was as creative as his father. The Nobel family left Stockholm on 1842 to reunite with their father in St. Petersburg at that time.
Nobel was mainly educated by family education since childhood. At the age of 65,438+06, he became a famous chemist, proficient in many languages such as English, French, German, Russian and Swedish. /kloc-left Russia to study chemistry in Paris in 0/850, and worked in the United States for four years under the guidance of J. Eriksson (the builder of the armored ship "Monitor") one year later. After returning to St. Petersburg, he worked in his father's factory until the factory went bankrupt in 1859. After returning to Sweden, Nobel began to make nitroglycerin, a liquid explosive. 1864 Shortly after the explosive was put into production, the factory exploded, killing Nobel's youngest brother Emil and four others. Because of the great danger, the Swedish government banned the reconstruction of the factory. Nobel, considered as a "scientific madman", had to carry out experiments on the boat on the lake to find ways to reduce the danger when moving nitroglycerin. By chance, he found that nitroglycerin could be adsorbed by dry diatomite; This mixture can be safely transported. The above findings enabled him to improve yellow explosives and necessary detonators. After the yellow explosives were patented in Britain (1867) and the United States (1868), Nobel made further experiments and developed a more powerful explosive adhesive of the same type, which was patented in 1876. About 10 years later, the earliest nitroglycerin smokeless powder ballistic explosive was developed. He demanded that the patent right of ballistic explosives should include Kodak explosives, but it was rejected by the court. Nobel has shares in the explosive manufacturing industry all over the world, and his property rights in Baku oil field in Russia are huge, so he will travel all over the world. Nobel is essentially a pacifist, hoping that the destructive explosives he invented will help to eliminate the war, but his views on mankind and the country are pessimistic.
Nobel has long been interested in literature and wrote some poems in English when he was young. Later generations also found the beginning of a novel he wrote in his manuscript. He made generous donations to various humanitarian and scientific charities, entrusted most of his property to the trust, and established the Nobel Prize, which later became the highest international honor, namely the Nobel Peace Prize, Literature Prize, Physics Prize, Chemistry Prize, Physiology Prize or Medicine Prize (among which the Nobel Prize in Economics was added by the Swedish National Bank on 1968).
Nobel has never been married and has no children. Suffering from illness for most of my life. There were two famous sayings before his death: "I care more about the belly of the living than commemorating the dead in the form of a monument." I don't see what honor I deserve, and I'm not interested in it.
1896 65438+February 10 Nobel died in Ma Sanli, Italy, at the age of 63.
Nobel's tombstone is a gray spire stone tablet about 3 meters high, which looks very ordinary. The front of the stone tablet is engraved with the word "Nobel" and the date of birth and death of Nobel, and the names and date of birth and death of four Nobel relatives are engraved on both sides of the tombstone. On the ground to the right of the tombstone, there is a number plate: 170/ 1678. Surrounded by cypress trees with a height of 10. There is no portrait of Nobel on the tablet (it is said that Nobel had only one portrait before his death), no flashy sculpture, and no glory about his writing in human history! Everyone who knows Nobel, standing in front of his grave, will feel the soul shock brought by this simplicity.
In the history of world science, there is such a great scientist: he not only devoted all his life to the cause of science, but also left a will behind him and donated all his legacy to the cause of science in order to repay future generations and strive to climb the peak of science. Today, the science prize named after him has become the highest science prize that attracts worldwide attention. His name, together with the achievements made by mankind in scientific exploration, will always remain in the history of civilization in the development of human society. This great scientist is the famous Swedish chemist Alfred bernhard Nobel.
Little known is that Nobel was also a playwright, but it was not until his deathbed that his only play was printed. Unfortunately, his works are regarded as "libel, trouble and blasphemy". Almost all of them were destroyed after Nobel's death, and only three books survived. It was not until 2003 that the first surviving edition was published in Sweden. Apart from Esperanto, the play has not been translated into other languages, including English.
Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, is an inventor and owns a large machinery factory in Russia. 1840 ——1859 His father is engaged in large-scale mine production in St. Petersburg. These mines and other weapons were used in the Crimean war. He invented the boiler system for home heating, designed a machine for making wooden wheels, designed and manufactured a large forging hammer, and transformed the factory equipment. 1853, Tsar Nicholas I made an exception and awarded Emmanuel Nobel a medal in recognition of his achievements. Under the influence and guidance of his father's endless creative spirit, Nobel embarked on a brilliant road of scientific invention.
After growing up, he studied in St. Petersburg, and Nobel went to France and the United States for further study. He returned to Sweden to study and invent chemistry, especially explosives. Nobel and his son set up a laboratory in the suburb of Stockholm, and developed a mercury tube to solve the detonation of explosives for the first time. 1863 began to produce glycerol explosives. Because liquid explosives are prone to explosion accidents, in 1866, he made a solid safe violent explosive "Danamat", which became the cornerstone of Nobel International Industrial Group in the future. 1867 invented the safety detonator, and then successively invented various more powerful explosives. He had nearly 400 inventions such as explosives and rayon in his life and obtained 85 patents. These inventions made Nobel occupy an important position in the history of world chemistry. Nobel accumulated a lot of wealth by making explosives. He bought the Swedish chemical plant B. Gorsbon Arms and held a majority stake. He also established the Nobel Chemical Company, opened two trust companies for producing explosives in western European countries, and owned the Nobel Brothers Company to conduct oil exploration in Baku, Russia.
Before his death, he made a will in 1895 and used most of his $9.2 million property as a fund. He set up five prizes for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace with annual interest (US$ 200,000 per year) (the Swedish National Bank added an economics prize in 1969) to reward scholars who made the greatest contribution in the above fields that year. Starting from 190 1, the bonus will be paid every year on 65438+February 10.
Nobel's personal evaluation is-"the greatest advantage: keeping nails clean never poses a burden to anyone." The biggest characteristics: no family, lack of cheerful spirit, good appetite. The biggest and only requirement: don't be buried alive. The biggest sin: not worshiping the god of wealth. Life events: none. "
All his life, Nobel sought strength from nature under the threat of death. He only used a few short words when describing his scientific and technological achievements in his life-"The author of this article was born in 1833 10/0/0/0/2/0/0, and his knowledge was obtained from a tutor and he never went to an institution of higher learning. He is especially devoted to the research of applied chemistry. The explosives he invented in his life include: high explosive, smokeless powder, "Balisti" or C89. On 1884, he joined the Royal Swedish Science Society, the Royal London Society and the Paris Society of Civil Engineers. 1880 won the Science Medal and the French Grand Medal initiated by the King of Sweden. "