Hobbes believes that the second basic concept belonging to human nature is "selfishness" or "self-interest". He believes that selfishness is indeed human nature. The so-called "natural right" of human nature or human beings, that is, "human rights", is based on the concept of "selfishness". He said: selfishness comes from individual's natural desire for survival. And this kind of self-interest will is also everyone's nature and natural right to survive. As long as we admit that it is necessary for anyone to use their abilities to protect and maintain our own lives, then natural rights will exist. ?
Hobbes believes that this right is not given by people or institutions, but comes from "talent". (This is the prototype of the concept of "natural human rights". Hobbes means that we are human beings, and we are born with the desire and possibility to protect ourselves, and we are actually doing so. "We have the right to do anything that is beneficial to life." ?
Hobbes' third concept is natural law. So what is law? Law is defined as restriction by Hobbes. Law, in fact, is a restriction on human rights. ?
According to Hobbes' theory, that is to say, human natural rights (human rights) are defined by freedom and self-interest, while law is defined by the antonym of "freedom", that is, restrictions and constraints. Man's natural rights dictate what we have the right to do. However, the law stipulates that we can't do anything. ?
Based on the above concepts, Hobbes put forward a crucial concept for modern western jurisprudence and political science, which is "natural order" and "natural law"
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Freedom and rights mean doing anything permitted by law and morality. In human society, There are also many things that he can't do in violation of the regulations. He can do things that are allowed by law and morality, things that are not allowed by law, and things that are not allowed by morality.
In order to maintain the common interests of all people in the whole society, ensure everyone's normal life and work, and ensure that everyone's life, property and material property are not infringed, there must be laws. There must be
moral standards to restrain everyone's activities. Therefore, everyone's activities must be restricted and regulated.
Absolute freedom cannot exist. Absolute freedom means that everyone can do whatever he wants.
He can hurt others and infringe upon others casually. If every member of our society
pursues absolute freedom, Then all of us will be infringed at any time and place.
Absolute freedom enlarges the individual's rights to infringe others' interests and property.
One person's absolute freedom means that others' freedom is deprived. Others' survival rights and material interests are damaged.
Therefore, in order to ensure the interests of the whole society and everyone's rights and interests, human society has formulated many laws from ancient times to the present. Many moral norms have been formulated to restrict everyone's activities. There is no absolute freedom in the world, and everyone has no right to pursue absolute freedom.
Therefore, every one of us should weigh whether it is permitted by law or not,
and whether it does not violate social moral norms.