Answering skills in junior high school Chinese reading

Fourth, common questions and answering skills.

1, the function of analysis and demonstration method: two main points of function. Details are as follows:

(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.

Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.

3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)

2. The types and functions of analysis and demonstration:

Argumentation can be divided into rational argumentation and factual argumentation: (1), which defines the types of argumentation; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments, whether it is the relationship between central arguments and sub-arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. So the standard answer format is as follows: this is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

3. The article puts forward the way of central argument:

The title of the article points out the central argument;

② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;

③ At last, the article summarizes the central argument;

4. In the middle of the article, put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence.

The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).

In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

The content at the beginning is:

(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

Ending content:

(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;

(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;

(3) Appeal ... or exhort people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )

Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to exhort people that "one should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.

5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:

There are only two angles to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays: (1) linguistic features; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.

(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.

(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.

7, paragraph structure function:

(1), the following leads to (all); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).

(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".

Second, explain the knowledge and skills of reading.

I. Classification

1. From the description object: the description of things and the description of things.

2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing.

Second, the order of interpretation.

Chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

Specific analysis of logical order: subject-secondary, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.

Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role?

Answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

Third, the method of explanation.

1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.

2, the role of common methods:

1. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, making the explanation more specific and convincing.

(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

(3) Compare: Compare and emphasize the characteristics/reasons of things.

(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

⑤ Analogy: To compare ... to illustrate the characteristics/reasons of things vividly.

6. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.

⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.

⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-

First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)

B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)

C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

Fourthly, the language analysis of expository writing.

1, the analysis of the whole language is generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.

A is the common feature of general expositions. B is from the perspective of different language styles. To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example.

The format is as follows: This paper fully embodies the characteristics of accurate/vivid/concise language, such as the sentence "……", and accurately/vividly/concisely explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".

2. Comments on specific articles/sentences/words

The function of the article/sentence is basically the same as above.

The function of words has the following exam forms:

A, what is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted?

This kind of questions often need to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language) The second question type should also compare the differences in answers between the two. The third question type should also add the expression "after deletion, it does not conform to people's understanding of objective things or to objective facts".

An analysis of explanatory writing of verbs (abbreviation of verb)

1, combined with interpretation method

Mode: This article mainly adopts the method of explanation ... to explain ... (content: the characteristics of things or things) in order to explain ... (role: refer to the previous explanation method to clarify its role)

2, combined with rhetoric.

Mode: This is a vivid explanatory article, which uses a lot of rhetorical devices to illustrate … (content), making the explanation of the article vivid.

3, combined with expressions.

Narration and description make the description more specific; Expressing opinions makes explanations more emotional. Then, from this point of view, the format of explanatory text is as follows: this paper comprehensively uses a variety of expressions, in addition to explanation, there are … (from "narrative, description, explanation and discussion" according to the content), such as … (specific examples), which makes the explanation more specific/emotional by using … (expression).

Sixth, explain the function of paragraphs.

There are three angles to answer this question:

(1), structure, content and function: lead out the following, connect the preceding with the following, and summarize the full text/previous article. Sometimes at the beginning of the article, it also plays the role of leading out the object of explanation/explaining things.

(2), combined with interpretation.

Explain ... (features or things) by the method of interpretation of ..., so as to explain ... (functions).

Third, the knowledge and skills of narrative reading

1. Article genre? This article is poetry, novel, prose (lyric prose, narrative prose), script, expository essay and argumentative essay.

2. Six elements of narrative? The time, place, person, cause, course and result of the event.

3. Find a topic sentence? Look for lyric sentences in the first or last paragraph.

4. Content of the article (center)?

Methods: Look at topics, people (events) and events, and make a comprehensive induction.

Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and displays (praises and reveals). ...

5. What are the characteristics of material organization?

Select typical events closely surrounding the center, and carry out appropriate clipping and detail processing.

6. Hierarchical?

(1) divided by time (find the phrase that represents time)

(2) According to the position (find the phrase indicating the position)

(3) According to the development process of things (find each event)

(4) the total score (pinching the head to the tail)

7. What are the narrative clues and functions?

Clues: (1) key people (2) key things (3) key events (4) time (5) place (6) author's emotion.

Function: It runs through the context of the full text, organically links the characters and events in the text, and makes the article coherent.

8. Write a title for the article.

Find the clue or center of the article (1) the core people (2) the core things (3) the core events (6) the author's emotion.

9. Fill in the reading card.

Find the original text as required, and then fill it in. Pay attention to the title, author, publishing house and other items of the original text (sometimes in brackets).

10. Narrative sequence and function?

(1) Time sequence (according to the sequence of events)

Function: The narrative has a beginning and an end, which is clear, clear and impressive to read.

(2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )

Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article.

(3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )

Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center.

1 1. Language features?

Choose from the following statements in combination with context and rhetorical methods:

Vivid image, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious phonology, strong sense of rhythm.

Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences.

12. Writing skills and functions?

(1) anthropomorphic technology

Function: endow things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, make things personalized, and thus achieve vivid images.

(2) Metaphorical skills

Function: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(3) exaggeration

Function: highlight the characteristics of people or things, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Symbolic techniques

Function: Give the things described specific meanings, express emotions ..., and enhance the expressive force of the article.

(5) Contrast technology

Function: through comparison, highlight the characteristics of things and better express the theme of the article.

(6) Pay-off (side pay-off) technology

Function: Set off the main person or thing with the secondary person or thing, and highlight the characteristics, personality, thoughts and feelings of the main person or thing.

(7) Irony

Function: Use metaphor, exaggeration and other means and methods to expose, criticize and ridicule people or things, strengthen profundity and criticism, and make the language spicy and humorous.

(8) Want to promote first and then inhibit

Function: first belittle and then praise the object described, compare the context, highlight the object written, and receive unexpected touching effects.

(9) Care before and after (echoing from beginning to end)

Function: make the plot complete, the structure rigorous and the center prominent.

(10) Set suspense

Function: arouse readers' attention and thinking, arouse readers' interest in reading, and make the plot of the article tortuous.

13. Rhetoric methods and functions

(1) Metaphor: describe things vividly and concisely, and explain the truth.

(2) personification: endowing things with human character, thoughts, feelings and actions, and personalizing things, so as to achieve vivid images.

(3) Exaggeration: highlight the characteristics, reveal the essence, and give readers a clear and strong impression.

(4) Parallelism: the organization is clear, the rhythm is distinct, the language potential is enhanced, and it is longer than lyric.

(5) Duality: the form is neat, the phonology is harmonious, and they set off each other and complement each other.

(6) Repetition: emphasizing a certain meaning, strong lyricism and appeal.

(7) Question: Ask yourself and answer yourself, attract attention and inspire thinking.

(8) rhetorical question: clear attitude, strong tone and strong lyricism. Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with related sentences.

14. What are the meanings and functions of specific words?

Methods: According to the original meaning of the word, explain the meaning of the text (extended meaning, figurative meaning, pun meaning) and find out the specific content it refers to (make the unclear clear; Reduce metaphors and symbols).

Format: The word "××" originally refers to …, and here refers to …, playing the role of ….

15. What does this sentence mean?

Grasp the key words, analyze their characteristics and significance, and then explain them in context. (The method is the same as above)

16. What is the function of sentences in the structure?

(1) connecting the preceding with the following (2) opening, leading down (leading down) (3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) laying the foundation (5) managing the following (beginning).

17. Expression?

Narration, discussion, explanation, lyricism, description

18. What is the role of argument in narrative?

Inspire readers to think, point out the meaning of people or events, highlight the center, sublimate the theme, and play the role of making the finishing point.

19. What is the role of lyricism in narrative?

Express the author's sincere and profound feelings, arouse the emotional resonance of readers, and make the article have strong appeal.

20. What is the type and function of description?

(1) Portrait Description (2) Appearance Description (3) Attitude Description (4) Action Description

(5) Language (Dialogue) Description (7) Psychological Description (8) Scenery Description

(9) Description of scene (10) Description of environment (1 1) Description of details.

The function of scenery description: (1) Explain the background (2) Promote the plot development (3) Render the atmosphere (4) Highlight the character's personality (5) Contrast the character's mood.

2 1. Prose features? The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered.

22. What kind of prose?

(1) Narrative Prose (2) Lyric Prose

23. What kind of novel?

Novel, novella, short story, short story

24. What are the three elements of a novel? People, environment, plot

25. What are the types and functions of the environment?

(1) natural environment

Explain the time and place of the story and the space of the characters' activities to set off the emotions of the characters.

(2) Social environment

Explain the social background and characteristics of the times, contrast the characters' personalities and promote the development of the plot.

Reveal the theme of the article.