1. What is Confucius’s psychological thought?
Confucius regarded the Spring and Autumn Period as a period of chaos in which “evils and music collapsed” and “heretical doctrines and atrocities” continued to occur. In this confusion, Confucius proposed many psychological ideas on how to govern his subjects. For example, it emphasizes moral education, "Tao is governed by government, and punishment is used, so that people can avoid being shameless; Tao is governed by virtue, and unified by etiquette, and there is shame and integrity." ".
It means to recommend talented people and remove useless people. This is a kind of management psychology thought. Secondly, there is the theory of communication, "A gentleman is likened to righteousness, and a villain is likened to benefit" and "Think twice before acting." Thirdly, Confucius’s theory of learning tended to be transcendental. He believed that all human knowledge is innate, and clearly stated that “Those who are born knowing are the best; those who learn to know are the next best; If you don’t learn, the people will be inferior.” “If you are above the middle class, you can speak well. If you are below the middle class, you cannot speak well.” .
This kind of thought of Confucius has a strong class ideology. In addition, Confucius is most famous for his educational psychology thoughts. He proposed that when learning, we should first adopt an open-minded and pragmatic attitude: "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, it is knowing." Secondly, he advocated that the knowledge of learning should be broad and the learning methods should be diversified. "Learn and practice from time to time", but also "not ashamed to ask", "If you are a person of three, you must have a teacher. Choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones."
Thirdly, Confucius also emphasized the relationship between thinking and learning. "Learning without thinking will lead to failure, thinking without learning will lead to peril." On the contrary, it will never be the same." That is, not to enlighten the students when they still don't understand something after thinking hard. Finally, Confucius's well-known theory of "teaching students according to their talents" still has important reference value today. ?
2. Mohist psychological thoughts?
Mozi, the founder of Mohism, put forward the ideas of "universal love" and "non-aggression" based on the interests of small producers. "Universal love" is the core of Mozi's entire ideological system. He advocated universal love when interacting with others, regardless of whether the other person is a "gentleman" or a "bitch", because "those who love others will be loved by others, and those who benefit others will be loved by others." People will benefit from it." This can be regarded as a kind of communication theory, and it seems that it is still praised by people now. In addition, the Mohist learning theory is empiricism. Mozi believed that knowledge comes from direct or indirect experience, from "the reality of the ears and eyes", rather than "innate knowledge" as Confucius believed.
In the later period, Mohists further developed this theory of Mozi and divided the sources of knowledge into three categories: "knowledge by personal knowledge", "knowledge by hearing" and "knowledge by explanation". "Intimate knowledge" refers to knowledge gained personally through feeling. "Knowledge by hearing" refers to knowledge obtained through teaching, and "knowledge by speaking" refers to knowledge obtained through reasoning. Mozi also emphasized the influence of acquired environment on human development, "If you dye it with green, it will be green, if you dye with yellow, it will be yellow, if it changes, its color will also change." This is completely opposite to Confucius' theory of destiny. ?
In addition, Mozi also said "removing the six pits". "You must get rid of the six levels, think, teach, and do things, so that the three are ready to be controlled. You will become a saint! You must get rid of joy, anger, joy, sadness, love, and evil, and use benevolence and righteousness. With hands, feet, mouth, nose, ears and eyes, if you are engaged in righteousness, you will be a sage." Mozi called joy, anger, joy, sorrow, love, and evil the "six principles" and believed that they harm morality and nature and must be resolutely eliminated. How can I remove it? He proposed that the best way is to "use benevolence and righteousness" and "engage in righteousness"; and if you do so, you will eventually "become a saint."
3. Mencius’s psychological thoughts?
Mencius was a student of Confucius’ grandson Zisi, and regarded himself as the heir of Confucius’ thoughts. In terms of management psychology, Mencius developed and transformed Confucius' theories of "rule by etiquette" and "governance by virtue" and put forward the theory of "governance by benevolence". In addition, he also advocated "conquering people with virtue" and "those who persuade others with strength are not convinced by their hearts, but also by their strength; those who persuade others with virtues are happy and sincerely convinced." In terms of learning theory, Mencius also held the "transcendentalist" view. Mencius believed that "there is no other way to learn, just asking for peace of mind." This means that if you want knowledge and talent, you only need to find your lost nature, that is, Say it, you don’t need to practice it in reality. ?
On the issue of the good and evil of human nature, Mencius systematically elaborated on the issue of "human nature" and put forward the theory of "good nature". Mencius said: "Everyone has a heart that cannot bear others. The ancient kings had a heart that could not bear others, and this is the case." Mencius also called "the heart of intolerance" "sympathy" in human nature. There is a "heart of shame", a "heart of respect", and a "heart of right and wrong". These "hearts" are not imposed from the outside, but are inherent in people, that is, "the heart of compassion, everyone has it; shame and shame" Everyone has a heart of respect; a heart of respect, everyone has a heart of right and wrong.” However, in practice, Mencius strictly distinguished between “gentlemen” and “villains” and believed that only gentlemen were the only ones. There can be "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom", but "little people" do not have these good qualities.