From p>194 to 27, in addition to frequent social movements, it was also the peak of terrorist assassination. The Social Revolutionary Party Fighting Organization, the Polish Socialist Party Fighting Organization and the Bolshevik Fighting Group instigated many assassination or robbery cases against ministers, civil servants and police officers.

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Those who were assassinated

Among the more famous ones who were assassinated were:

Portrait name, identity, date of assassination, place of assassination

Minister of Interior Dmitry sergeyevich Sipiokin April 2, 192

Governor Nikolai Modestovich Bogdanovich Ufa May 6, 193

. June 17th, 24 Helsinki

Viacheslav Constantinovich von Pleve Minister of the Interior July 28th, 194 St. Petersburg

Ariel Shoyishalang? Justice Shoyinan of Finland February 6, 195 Helsinki

Archduke of Sergei Alexandrovich Governor of Moscow February 17, 195 Moscow

Pavel pavlovic Valov Mayor of Moscow June 28, 195 Moscow

Gregory pavlovic Bobrikov Commander of the Black Sea Fleet June 29, 196 in his own home

Victor Saharo. On November 22, 196, Minister of War of saratov

Member of the Council of Count Alexei ignatieff's Ministers, on December 9, 196, Mayor of Tver

Vladimir Launitis, on December 21, 196, St. Petersburg

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Social movements in other parts of the empire

Democratization in Finland

October 3, 195. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, a vassal country of Russia, the Social Democratic Party organized a large-scale strike, and the first generation of Finnish Red Guards led by john cocke was established. During the strike, a red declaration was issued in Tampere, demanding the dissolution of the Senate, universal suffrage, political freedom and the abolition of censorship.

Leo Machelin, the leader of constitutional experts, participated in the writing of the October imperial edict, thus ending the Bolvar Parliament, which was operated by the Grand Duchy of Finland in 189 and composed of representatives of various national classes. In 196, the Finnish Parliament was organized, and in 197, the first general election was held in human history, and the first parliament members were elected.

Estonian independence movement

Estonia was one of the lands acquired from Sweden in 1721 after Russia won the Great Northern War, and was later established as an Estonian province. In the 19th century, Estonian national consciousness sprouted due to the policy of countering Russianization. In January 195, after the bloody Sunday, Estonians demanded freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, universal suffrage and national sovereignty. On October 16, Russian troops opened fire on the assembly in the street market in Tallinn, causing 94 deaths and 2 injuries.

After the release of the imperial edict in October, Estonians expressed their support, and the Estonian flag was made public for the first time. Yaan Tonison took the opportunity to expand the rights of Estonians and set up the National Progressive Party as the first political party in Estonia. Another more radical political organization, the Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union, was established at about the same time. On November 27th, the National Progressive Party held its first congress in Tallinn. The 8 delegates were divided into moderates and radicals. The moderates supported Tonison, while the radicals supported Yaan Timonte. Finally, they voted to demand political autonomy from Russia, restrict the Baltic Germans and terminate Russianization.

In December p>195, Konstantin Patz, the leader of the socialist society, called a peasant congress in Tallinn under martial law, which triggered workers to rob or burn manor houses in the suburbs. * * * 16 manors were ransacked, the Russian army was ordered to suppress them, and 328 Estonians were shot on the spot or arrested and hanged. Patz and Timonte fled abroad respectively, and both of them were later sentenced to death on charges of rebellion. In the first and later elections for deputies to the State Duma, Estonians elected five deputies each and sent them to Parliament.

Historical evaluation

For this revolutionary event, comments made by celebrities and scholars at that time and later generations were mostly positive. They thought that because of this revolutionary event, the socialists who advocated overthrowing the rule of the Tsar Empire discovered the feasibility of the workers' revolution, laid the direction of the proletarian revolution, founded the Soviet organization and trained many revolutionaries. Generally speaking, this was the key event for the success of the Russian revolution in 1917.

Among many comments, Lenin is the most famous. He called this revolution a "general exercise" and left a famous saying:

Without the "general exercise" in 195, there would be no victory in the October 1917 revolution.

Liang Qichao, a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, published "Freedom?" shortly after the bloody Sunday. Dead? "Reuters telegraph", "Berlin telegraph", "London telegraph" and "telegrams from various places in recent days" are quoted in the commentary, which gives a detailed account of the incident and the reactions from various places. The article comments:

If the reform cause turns a boulder into danger, it will not reach its ultimate destination.

It also comprehensively quoted telegrams from various places, explaining the public opinion situation in European countries at that time:

Almost all countries in Europe took this as a major event, and all newspapers expressed sympathy for the Russian people, and none of them showed partiality to the Russian court. France, an alliance between China and Russia, is particularly passionate. It is unreasonable for the Russian court to treat the citizens with violence for the sake of peace. Another newspaper said that the queen mother of Russia, the Russian emperor, was the puppet of Popeye Nasdev, who was played in the palm of his hand every day. It is really pitiful that he has never woken up.

Belgium has always expressed sympathy for Russia, and this time it has also criticized it. Its newsprint is mostly based on the departure of the Russian emperor, compared with the departure of Louis XVI of France in 1791. The people of Belgium were very angry at Russia's actions. On the evening of the 23rd of this month, there were even people who demonstrated their hostility in front of the Russian Embassy. The police officer pressed, but nothing happened.

various countries have raised charitable donations to show sympathy to the people in trouble in Russia.

Germany, the only country in the world, is slightly indifferent to this matter.

In the end, it is called "Russian Revolution", which shows that he and his colleagues were all concerned about the development of this event.

In 1939, Lev Trotsky, the later leader of the * * * production party of the Soviet Union and an important figure of the Bolsheviks at that time, published "Three Views on Russian Revolution (1939)" during his exile abroad. At the beginning of the article, it was stated:

The p>195 revolution was not only a "general exercise" of the 1917 revolution, but also a kind of laboratory.

In this paper, he called this revolution "the first revolution", and quoted the words and deeds of Lenin, Stalin, plekhanov and others, as well as his ideas, in order to clarify how the revolutionary events in 195 affected the revolutionary exposition of socialist leaders, and thought that the theory of "continuous revolution" came into being:

The complete victory of the Russian democratic revolution can only be achieved in the form of proletarian dictatorship supported by farmers. The dictatorship of the proletariat will inevitably put not only the democratic task on the agenda, but also the socialist task on the agenda, and at the same time vigorously promote the international socialist revolution. Only the victory of the western proletariat can guarantee Russia to avoid the danger of bourgeois restoration and complete socialist construction.