1. Writer and works

Stars and Spring Water were written by Bing Xin under the influence of Indian poet Tagore's Birds. Mainly "fragmentary thoughts." The author is good at feeling and discovering the philosophy of life from a section of social life, a phenomenon in nature, a period of joys and sorrows in the world, and things that people are accustomed to but don't observe, and understanding some regular essence of life and nature, so as to express his thoughts. The poetry anthology takes "the philosophy of love" as the core, and motherly love, innocence and nature as the theme.

2. The poetry anthology contains three aspects: (1) praising maternal love and innocence; (2) Worship and praise of nature; (3) Thinking and feeling about life.

3. The connotation of the names of Stars and Spring Water: (1) Stars represent scattered thoughts; (2) Spring water is because the author hopes to flow his thoughts into the reader's mind like spring water when he is casual.

4. Important contents

① The author Bing Xin is the first famous female writer in the history of modern literature in China. As soon as she entered the literary world, she was famous for preaching "the philosophy of love".

② "Flowers in the corner, when you admire yourself, the world becomes smaller!" This philosophical famous sentence comes from Bing Xin's work Stars. Bing Xin also wrote a poem "Yearning for the Ninetieth Anniversary of the Poet Goethe".

③ The poems of Stars and Spring Water show three themes: maternal love, innocence and nature, which constitute the core of Bing Xin's thought "the philosophy of love".

④ Stars and Spring Water were written by Bing Xin under the influence of the Indian poet Tagore's Birds.

(5) Bing Xin's original name is Xie Wanying, and his poetry anthologies Stars and Spring Water are recognized as the highest achievements of short poems, and Mao Dun called them "starry lattice" and "spring water body".

⑥ "Mother, the wind and rain in the sky are coming, and the bird is hiding in its nest; The storm in my heart has come, and I only hide in your arms. "This poem comes from the Stars written by Bing Xin of Changle, Fujian.

Aesop's Fables: the wisdom of life and the charm of imagination

1. Writer and work

Aesop's Fables is a story handed down from ancient Greece and Rome, which was collected by later generations and belongs to Aesop. It is one of the most widely circulated collections of fables in the history of world literature. The book is short and informal, and every simple story has profound meaning.

2. content

① allude to the social reality at that time and expose the cruelty and insolence of the rulers at that time, such as Wolf and Lamb, Cat and Chicken, Hercules and the God of Wealth, etc.

② It shows the life experience and wisdom of working people, such as The Farmer and the Snake, The Fox and the Goat, The Tortoise and the Eagle, etc.

③ Use animal images to ridicule human shortcomings, such as Earthworms and Foxes, Moles, Ants and Cicada, Camels and Zeus, etc.

3. Writing

① Most of them are animal fables; ② The length is short and profound. Tell a story briefly and objectively, and finally reveal the truth in one sentence; (3) Anthropomorphic techniques are widely used in animal fables to express the habits of animals.

4. Important articles (1) The Fox and the Grapes tells the story that the fox can't eat the grapes and says that the grapes are sour. Some people are weak and can't do anything, so they say that the time is not ripe. When many attempts fail to succeed, some people tend to deliberately despise success in order to seek psychological comfort. )

(2) The Fox and the Goat is about a fox who falls into a well and coaxes the goat into going down, then jumps out of the well on the goat's back, but leaves the goat alone. Warn people to look at the object when doing good deeds, so as not to be deceived.

(3) The Tortoise and the Eagle, through which the tortoise had to learn to fly, ended in a tragic fall, which showed that everything had its own laws and could not be violated.

(4) The Mosquito and the Lion is about the insignificant mosquito who defeated the king of beasts tactfully, but when he was intoxicated with victory, he ran into a cobweb. Satire those who get carried away with a little achievement.

(5) The Farmer and the Frozen Snake wrote that the farmer saved a frozen snake, but the snake changed its nature and killed the farmer. Warn people not to be soft on the wicked. (Even if you show utmost kindness to the wicked, their evil nature will not change.

(6) Wolf: Lying is a bad behavior, which will not only disrespect others, but also lose others' trust in yourself.

we should cultivate the good quality of being sincere to others.

(7) The plan that Earthworms and Foxes can't achieve is all empty talk.

(8) The Ant and the Cicada: It satirizes leisure and hate work (everything must be prepared in advance to prevent problems before they happen. )

(9) Two Pockets: It shows that people tend to find fault with other people's shortcomings, but ignore their own.

(1) The Fox and the Dog: A liar's tricks will always be seen through.

(11) Donkeys and Wolves: In the face of people as ferocious and cunning as wolves, we should learn to deal with them calmly and tactfully. Some people are unlucky to do things they shouldn't do. )

(12) Horses and Donkeys: Only when the strong help the weak can they survive.

(13) Dog with Meat: Teach people not to be greedy

(14) The Race between the Tortoise and the Rabbit: The weak who strive hard can also overcome the arrogant and complacent strong.

(15) Hermes and the Statue Maker: satirizing those who are vain and conceited

Seven times: 3. Childhood: Growing up in misery

1. Writer and works

Childhood is Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy (Childhood, On Earth, Me. Childhood is the first of Gorky's autobiographical novel trilogy based on his own experience. It tells the childhood life of Alesha (Gorky's birth name) from the age of three to ten.

2. Main content

Childhood mainly tells the childhood life of Alesha ("I") from three to ten years old. From the time when "I" went with my mother to my grandfather's writing, to the end when my grandfather told me to go to the human world to make a living, it vividly reproduced the living conditions of the lower class people in Russia in the 197s and 198s. For example, when I first arrived at my grandfather's house, I saw my uncles quarreling and fighting for family property, which criticized the selfishness and cruelty of ordinary citizens; Writing "I" lived alone with my grandmother after my mother's death, the author portrayed my grandfather's greed and meanness (lunch was worse as usual on the day when he paid for it; Pay great attention to the concentration of tea poured to him; Even the oil of the ever-burning lamp that worships the icon is also bought separately), and her grandmother's generosity and kindness (she should pay for all the good meat; Tears silently at the money earned by "I" and so on.

3. Characters and their corresponding typical plots and personality characteristics

Alesha: Cute, weak, stubborn and persistent, has gradually grown into a strong, brave, upright and caring person, and is the representative of a new generation of Russians. The stories told by my grandmother, optimistic and simple Zokan, honest old worker grigori, and "good things" of intellectuals who devoted themselves to science all gave Alesha strength and help, which enabled him to maintain his courage and confidence in life in a dark and dirty environment and gradually grow into a strong, brave, upright and caring person.

Grandmother: As a bright light illuminates Alesha's sensitive and lonely heart, she often tells Alesha some folk stories that pity the poor and the weak and praise justice and light. Kindness, intelligence, ability, love of life, broad-minded and good at tolerance.

Grandfather: He often beats his grandmother and children. For example, Alexei was beaten unconscious by him for dyeing a piece of cloth. Cruel exploitation of workers, hidden usury, encouraging helpers to steal things. Mean, greedy, bossy and cruel.

4. The theme of Childhood

Basic theme: the growth of Alesha; Another theme is: flogging the habits of ordinary citizens of Russian nationals.

IV. Insect Tale: Writing Poems about Insect Life

1. Author: French writer Fabres

2. Content

It integrates entomology and literary endowments, fusing lifelong research achievements and life insights into one furnace. Entomologist Fabres took care of insects with human nature and painstakingly wrote the masterpiece Insect Tale, leaving a world rich in knowledge. Entomology is an excellent popular science work and a recognized literary classic. Its writing is lively, its tone is relaxed and humorous, and it is full of interest.

Fabres wrote Insect Tale, which not only recorded the life of insects, but also reflected the social life through the insect world. The instinct, habits, labor, marriage, reproduction and death of insects all permeate the author's thinking about human beings. Wise philosophies leap from the page. The book is full of love for life and praise for all things in nature.

Part 8: 5. Flowers in the Morning Pick Up in the Evening: Warm Memories and Rational Criticism

1. Author: Lu Xun (1881-1936), formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was a famous modern writer, thinker and revolutionary. The founder of modern literature in China.

2. Content

Flowers in the morning are picked up at night, which is a collection of essays written by Lu Xun, focusing on recalling the life of childhood and adolescence. * * * contains 1 essays, which were written between June and November, 1926. The title of Flowers in the morning are picked up at night, which means "copied from memory".

4. Characters

The four main characters in Morning Flowers and Evening Picks are: the author's nanny, teacher, friend and father.

the eldest mother-has a foolish and superstitious side, but she has a simple and kind love that the author will never forget. From the eldest mother, we can see Lu Xun's feelings for the working people at the bottom: he not only reveals their ignorance and numbness, but also praises their beauty and kindness.

Mr. Fujino, a Japanese medical professor, is respected for his simple and great personality because he shows an equal attitude towards others and cares about the studies of people in weak countries. Everything he did was ordinary. If we don't imagine Lu Xun's situation at that time, it will be difficult to feel the greatness of this teacher.

Fan Ainong-an awakened intellectual, but unable to gain a foothold in the dark society. He can't compromise with this society like a madman, nor can he forget it like Mr. N, so his heart is painful and sad, and Mr. Lu Xun suspects that he committed suicide.

Father-My father once puzzled Lu Xun as a child, because he ordered him to endorse when he was going to see the Wuxiang Club in high spirits. However, Lu Xun never accused his father. What he repented was that he didn't let his father die quietly, which made his mind restless and painful forever.

Sixth, "Camel Xiangzi": the bitter story of rickshaw pullers in old Beijing

1. Author: Lao She, formerly known as Shu Qingchun, was born in Beijing. Lao She, a famous modern writer, has created many well-known literary works in his life, such as Four Generations under One roof, Camel Xiangzi, Teahouse and Longxugou.

2. Content and characters

This book tells the story of Xiangzi, an ordinary rickshaw puller. He used to be a bankrupt farmer and came to Beijing alone to make a living at the age of 18. He worked hard to realize his biggest dream-owning his own car, but he fell behind three times, his hopes were dashed again and again, and his struggle with fate ended in failure. . For the first time, he went through the wind and rain, saved money from meals and tea for three years, and finally bought a car, but it was quickly taken away by soldiers. The second time, before the car was bought, the money was blackmailed by Detective Sun. The third time, he bought it with Tigress's money after he married Tigress. Later, Tigress died in childbirth, and Xiangzi had to sell her car to bury Tigress. After these three ups and downs, Xiangzi lost confidence in life.

At first, he was honest, strong, persevering, self-respecting, diligent, hardworking and full of hope for life. He was bent on buying a car and becoming an independent and unpopular foreign driver. However, after three setbacks, he became numb, down-and-out, cunning, easy to take advantage of, eat, drink, gamble and give up on himself, thus completing his tragic life from man to beast. Tigress is Xiangzi's wife. She is bold in pursuing Xiangzi, bold, provocative and a little abnormal.

3. The profound significance of Xiangzi's tragedy

Xiangzi's image is typical of the urban individual workers in semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China. His tragedy has profound social significance. First of all, it effectively exposed and accused the evil of cannibalism in the old society, and pointed out its serious consequences, which not only destroyed the human body, but also destroyed the human soul.

Secondly, Xiangzi's tragedy is also a powerful criticism of personal struggle. As an urban self-employed worker, Xiangzi's competitive mind belongs to the narrow category of his small producer. He thought that the blueprint he painted was an illusory personal world without others. His struggle and resistance are isolated personal struggles. The significance of Xiangzi's tragedy is also the theme of this novel.

how steel was tempered: the banner of idealism and the textbook of life

how steel was tempered describes Paul? Kochakin experienced the severe life during the First World War, the October Revolution, the civil war and the national economic recovery.

Paul lost his father in his early years, his mother washed and cooked for others, and his brother was a worker. When Paul was 12 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen as a handyman, and he was humiliated. When the October Revolution broke out, the old Bolshevik Zhu Helai was doing underground work in the town. Zhu Helai told Paul many truths about revolution, working class and class struggle. Zhu Helai was arrested by bandits, and Paul fled with Zhu Helai. Paul was thrown into prison because of Victor's informer. After coming out of prison, Paul jumped into Tonya's garden. Tonya and Paul fell in love. In the fierce battle, Paul was seriously injured in the head. After leaving the hospital, he took part in the work of restoring and building the country. The gap between Tonya and Paul's thoughts is getting bigger and bigger, so they go their separate ways. At the end of the road construction project, Paul got typhoid fever and his health became worse and worse. In 1927, he was almost completely paralyzed, and then he went blind. On the one hand, he is determined to help his wife Daya progress; On the other hand, I decided to start literary creation. In this way, "Paul picked up new weapons and started a new life." The love entanglement with Tonya, the open friendship with Rita, and the sincere feelings for Daya show the purity of Paul's spiritual world. This novel is one of the best works in Soviet literature in 193s, one of the hundred classics that have influenced history and a textbook of life. It shines with lofty idealism and successfully shapes Paul? Kochakin, a proletarian hero. Paul? Kochakin embodies beautiful spiritual qualities-the spirit of dedication to ideals, the iron will and the noble quality of tenacious struggle, which is always worth learning.

Paul is a determined man. He devoted his whole life to the revolutionary cause, but he was blind but never mediocre. He finished his book "Born of the Storm" in his hospital bed, and he interpreted the meaning of life with an iron will.

Eight times: Eight, Two Wan Li under the Sea: A Journey of Science and Fantasy

Main content: Two Wan Li under the Sea is the second part of Verne's trilogy, the first part is Captain Grant's Children, and the third part is Mystery Island, which mainly tells the story of the submarine Nautilus. The story took place on the 18th.