Banpo culture belongs to Neolithic Yangshao culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and is located in banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province. About 6800-6300 years ago, the original inhabitants of banpo village settled down and established villages by clan or tribe. Banpo is a primitive society, and there is no distinction between rich and poor. There are trenches around the residential area to prevent the invasion of wild animals. The house is ground and semi-underground, square or round. There is a big rectangular house in the center of the community, which may be a place for clan collective activities. The excavation of various farm tools and fishing and hunting tools reflects that Banpo residents pay equal attention to agriculture and fishing and hunting in their economic life. Pottery includes coarse sand pots, small mouth and pointed bottom bottles, etc. Painted pottery is excellent, alternating with red and black, with simple and simple patterns, depicting human faces, fish, deer, plant branches and leaves and geometric patterns. Among them, the most famous single fish pattern pottery basin unearthed in Banpo is a kind of fish pattern pottery basin with human face, which is a combination of human face and fish body. Fish on which people live is regarded as the patron saint of clans and tribes. People only grow grain and fish when necessary. Twenty-two symbols were found on pottery, which may be original characters. Adults in Banpo are buried in public cemeteries after death, and decorations such as pottery and bone beads are often buried with them. There are two same-sex burial tombs in the site, with two men and four women buried respectively, which is generally considered to be the burial custom of matriarchal society. The dead children were buried in residential areas, mostly in jars and coffins. The exquisite and rich funerary objects in the girl's tomb show the love for the girl at that time. Banpo culture belongs to the primitive culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and shows the characteristics of the northern geographical environment. The period of Shang and Zhou Dynasties (2 1 century-22 1 year BC) was the mature period of China's ancient etiquette system and the most standardized period in China. "Courtesy is based on wine", and no wine can make a ceremony. Therefore, the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are also the most complicated period of our national wine ceremony, and also the most closely combined period of wine and politics. It is precisely because the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties paid the most attention to wine ceremony that the development of wine vessels was also the fastest, and bronze wine vessels became the most brilliant highlight of bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. Hemudu site is an early Neolithic site in southern China, and it is a national key cultural relic protection unit. Located in the northeast of Hemudu Village, Luojiang Township, Yuyao City, with an area of about 40,000 square meters, excavation began on 1973. Let's talk about the Neolithic Age first: The Neolithic Age is the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology. The development stage of human material culture is marked by the use of grinding stone tools (see stone tools). This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age and developed after the Paleolithic Age or the transition of the Mesolithic Age, belonging to the late Stone Age. The s began about 6.5438+0 million years ago, and the ending time ranged from more than 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ago. Basic characteristics and stages It is generally believed that there are three basic characteristics in the Neolithic Age: the beginning of manufacturing and using grinded stone tools; Invented pottery; Agriculture and animal husbandry have emerged. Some scholars especially emphasize the significance of the origin of agriculture, which is regarded as the main feature of the Neolithic Age or the main content of the Neolithic Revolution. The development path of this era is very different in the world. Some places did not have pottery for a long time after agriculture came into being, so they were called pre-pottery Neolithic Age or pottery-free Neolithic Age. Pottery appeared in some places 1 10,000 years ago, but there was no trace of agriculture, and even the ground stone tools were underdeveloped. Therefore, it is not necessary for all three features to be complete in order to be called the Neolithic Age. Because the Neolithic situation in different places is very inconsistent, there is no unified staging standard. In some places, there are two periods in the morning and evening, while in others, there are three periods in the morning, middle and evening. Some people listed a Bronze Stone Age as a transitional period from Neolithic Age to Bronze Age. A small number of bronzes appeared in the late period of this period, but they could not consciously make bronze alloys. Others classify this stage as the late Neolithic period. The Neolithic Age in West Asia, North Africa and West Asia in Europe developed earlier and the archaeological research was deeper. This is the area with the earliest origin of agriculture, followed by the earliest appearance of metal utensils and the earliest entry into civilization, which occupies a very important position in the history of world culture. West Asia first entered the Neolithic Age in the Levant (now Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria), Anatolia (now Turkey) and Piedmont in Zagros Mountain, which is the so-called crescent zone of agricultural origin. This area has a typical Mediterranean climate, with rainy and humid winters and hot and dry summers. There are wild grains suitable for farming and animals that are easy to domesticate. From the Paleolithic Age to the Mesolithic Age, the development of culture had a considerable foundation, so it became the earliest area where agriculture and animal husbandry appeared. About 9000 ~ 8000 BC, it entered the primitive Neolithic age, and there was the bud of agriculture and animal husbandry. From 8000 BC to 7000 BC, it entered the pre-pottery Neolithic Age or the non-pottery Neolithic Age. Wheat, barley, lentils and peas were planted, and sheep and goats were raised. Some sites also have pig bones. Jericho site is a typical site in this period, and semi-basement houses built of adobe have been seen. There are stone walls and trenches outside the village, and there are stone towers inside the walls. This is the earliest similar product in the world. From 7000 BC to around 6000 BC, all parts of West Asia successively entered or developed the Neolithic Age with pottery and Neolithic tools. The earliest pottery can be called pottery, with extremely low temperature; Later, there were plain gray-brown pottery with a thick fetus, and finally painted pottery appeared. At this time, agriculture has been further developed, and some places have irrigated agriculture. Houses are generally multi-room and flat-topped, and some rooms have cow head statues. From about 6000 BC to 5000 BC, there were bronzes in some sites here (the copper needles made by cold forging in some sites can reach as early as 7500 BC), and they entered the bronze age. During its development, the Neolithic culture in West Asia had an obvious influence on the surrounding areas, one was to spread to the Nile valley in North Africa, and the other was to expand to the southeast of Europe. The Neolithic culture in the Nile valley can be divided into three stages, from the early stage, it is the stage of pottery and Neolithic utensils. Neolithic culture in other parts of North Africa can be divided into three systems: Saharan Neolithic culture, Mediterranean Neolithic culture and Kapsa traditional Neolithic culture. In Greece, Crete, and even Crimea on the northern shore of the Black Sea in Europe, there are Neolithic cultures in the pre-pottery era. Since the appearance of pottery, southern Europe is mainly printed pottery culture, while the Danube River basin is full of pottery culture. Painted pottery culture appeared in these areas since they entered the Bronze Stone Age (see Terry Paulier-Ku Coutney Culture). However, in the northern part of Eastern Europe, in the Neolithic Age, the small nest grate pottery culture was popular. Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia Central Asia entered the Neolithic Age from about 6000 BC to 5000 BC, represented by Tong Zhe culture. This culture is distributed in Turkmenistan. Most of the stone tools have inherited the local traditions of the Middle Stone Age, and there are many exquisite stone tools. At the same time, new stone axes and grain grinders appeared. Wheat and barley were planted and goats were raised. Pottery is hand-made, with grass powder mixed in the tire, and some painted pottery besides plain noodles. From the overall cultural outlook, it is obviously influenced by the Neolithic culture in West Asia. The Neolithic culture in northern Central Asia is relatively late, and its representative is the Kerger Minar culture, which dates from about 4000 BC to 2000 BC. The economy is dominated by fishing, hunting and gathering. Pottery is decorated with scratches or marks, and painted pottery is rare. The early Neolithic culture in the South Asian subcontinent began around 6000 BC and distributed in Baluchistan and Indus River basins. Residents grow wheat and barley and raise sheep, goats and cattle. It was not until around 4500 BC that pottery appeared, and soon painted pottery appeared. He entered the Bronze Stone Age around 3500 BC.