Introduction: What are the reading skills for argumentative essays? The article is for your reference only! I hope the article can help everyone! Argumentative essay reading skills

1. Argument (what to prove) The argument should be a complete expression of the author’s opinion, in form a complete, concise and clear sentence. Viewed from the full text, it must be able to unify the entire text. The expression form is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, which is a clear statement of attitude.

A. Grasp the argument of the article. There is only one central argument (to lead the sub-arguments) ⑴Clear: There can be N sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument)

⑵Methods ①Find from the position: such as title, opening, middle, and end. ②Analyze the arguments of the article. (Can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Excerpt method (only sub-arguments, but no central argument)

B. Analyze how the argument is presented: ① Present the facts and reason and then conclude the points; ② Get straight to the point , put forward the central argument; ③ Put forward a topic based on the phenomenon that exists in life, and summarize the central argument through analysis and discussion; ④ Narrate a period of the author's experience and summarize the central argument; ⑤ The author raises questions from the story, and then analyzes step by step Make inferences, and finally draw conclusions and present the central argument.

2. Arguments (what to prove) ⑴ Types of arguments: ① Factual arguments (summary after giving examples, summary of arguments should be closely linked to the arguments); ② Logical arguments (quotes of famous quotes should be analyzed).

⑵The arguments must be true, reliable, and typical (discipline, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ⑶Sequence arrangement (corresponding to the arguments); ⑷Judge whether the arguments can prove the arguments; ⑸Supplementary arguments (must be able to prove the arguments).

3. Argument (how to prove)

⑴ Argument method (must be four words) ① Demonstration with examples (exemplification method) Factual argument description ② Logical argument (citation method and reasoning) Discussing theoretical arguments

③ Comparative argument (it can also be an example argument and a logical argument) ④ Metaphorical argument Metaphors are metaphors in expository texts and metaphors in prose.

⑵ Analyze the argumentation process: ① How the argument is put forward; ② How the argument is proved (what principles and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analytical reasoning); ③ Connect the structure of the full text, Is there a summary?

⑶ Completeness of the argument (Answer: Make the argument more comprehensive and complete to avoid misunderstandings)

⑷ Analyze the role of the argument: prove the argument of the paragraph.

4. The structure of an argumentative essay ⑴General form: ①Introduction (raise a question)--②Thesis (analyze the problem)--③Conclusion (solve the problem).

⑵Type: ①Parallel type ②Total fractional type ③Total fractional type ④Minimal type ⑤Progressive type.

5. Reading of refutation papers

⑴ What is the wrong view that the author wants to refute? ⑵ How does the author refute it, and what principles and arguments are used; ⑶ From this, the author What is the correct point of view established?

6. Common test points

① Test points for arguments in argumentative essays: First, distinguish the issue being discussed and the author’s views on this issue (i.e. distinguish the topic and argument). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called clear and straightforward writing method.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called summary of the whole text, with the topic at the end of the article and the central writing method revealed. This kind of writing is mostly used when clearly expressing arguments. So, in a word, therefore, all in all, in the final analysis and other summarizing words.

Third, distinguish the central argument and sub-arguments: The sub-arguments are usually located at the beginning of the paragraph or have iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, pay attention to the content of the argument Form of presentation: Sometimes the title is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, use arguments to deduce arguments: Arguments serve to prove arguments. By analyzing arguments, you can see what they prove, affirm, and support. This is the argument.

②. Argumentative essay test points:

Arguments are the basis for the argument, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments.

1. Use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, be able to reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative essays, the description of the examples cited should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying arguments, you must not only know where in the article the factual arguments are used, but also be able to summarize the factual arguments. When summarizing, to be accurate, you must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument based on the argument, and then express it in precise language.

2. Speeches used as arguments should have a certain degree of authority. When quoted directly, they should be copied from the original text and verified with authenticity. They should not be taken out of context; when quoted indirectly, the original meaning should not be misinterpreted.

③. Structure and level test points of argumentative essays: Structures include: parallel structure, comparative structure, hierarchical structure, and total fraction structure. Argumentative essay reading skills

1. Definition: Argumentative essay is a style of writing that uses argumentation as the main form of expression.

By presenting facts, reasoning, and using logical reasoning to express the author's views and attitudes on a certain issue, and to elucidate his opinions and opinions on a certain phenomenon.

2. Three elements of an argumentative essay: arguments, arguments, and demonstrations

1. Arguments: the author’s claims, views, and opinions. (Correct and clear)

Note: Argumentative papers generally have only one argument, and some also propose several sub-arguments around the central argument. The sub-arguments are also used to prove the central argument.

2. How to find arguments:

First, look at the title of the article.

Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the article.

⑴ Title reveal; (such as: "Two, lowering your head is also a kind of wisdom in life", "Four, happiness is a kind of ability", "Twelve, enduring is everything" "Thirteen, Carry out your interest to the end",

⑵ Put forward at the beginning; (for example, "Five, giving up is also a kind of happiness", "Six, people have to despise something", "Nine, let excellence become a habit" , "Eighteen, there is a golden house in the book". "Twenty-one, tell the truth"

　⑶ Clearly stated during the discussion;

⑷ Conclusion at the end;

⑸ It is not mentioned in the article and needs to be summarized by the reader.

Pay attention to distinguishing the topic and the argument.

The topic is the main content to be elaborated in the argumentative paper, while the argument is the author’s explanation of the Sentences that make clear judgments based on the content of the sentence.

Exercise:

Do honest people always suffer? In the corrupt and dark old society, it is not surprising that honest people suffer, even It is common. However, with the development and progress of society, it is no longer a common and normal phenomenon for honest people to suffer. Dishonest people may be complacent for a while, but they are the ones who suffer in the end, as Mr. Lu Xun said. Lies will also drown him. On the day when illusions and lies are exposed, how can a liar face others? Some flattery and opportunistic people may be appreciated by a boss for a while, but will they always be proud? As the saying goes. As the saying goes: "Cleverness leads to misunderstanding." A dishonest person will eventually pay the price for his dishonesty.

The argument of this article is:

3. Arguments: Materials that prove the argument (authentic and credible)

(1) Types of arguments

① Factual arguments: representative examples and historical facts (Including historical facts, stories, real-life examples, and phenomena in society)

②Principal arguments: some correct theory, famous sayings, axioms, etc.

③ Comparative argument: generally compare the two aspects to prove the correctness of the argument.

④ Metaphorical argument, use metaphorical rhetoric to prove the argument.

Exercise:

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Diligence produces wisdom.

Legend has it that there was a speaker named Demosthenes in ancient Greece. He stuttered as a child. When he gave a speech on the stage, his voice was unclear and his pronunciation was inaccurate. He was often overwhelmed by his eloquent opponents. But he was not discouraged or discouraged. In order to overcome this weakness and defeat his eloquent opponents, he held pebbles in his mouth and recited in front of the sea every day, regardless of spring, summer, autumn and winter, persisting for 50 years, even climbing mountains and running while giving speeches. , and finally became one of the most famous speakers in Greece. Zhu Xi, a scholar from the Song Dynasty, told a story: There was a man named Chen Zhengzhi in Fuzhou who was very slow to read. He could only read 50 words at a time, and he had to read a short article one or two hundred times before he was familiar with it. He was neither lazy nor sluggish, and he studied and practiced diligently. When others read it once, he read it three or four times. As time went by, his knowledge increased day by day. Later, he read all books and became a learned man. This shows that even if the talent is relatively poor and the reaction is slow, as long as you work hard, you can turn your clumsiness into skill.

1. The argument of this article is:

2. Write the two arguments in the paragraph in brief language:

Argument ①: This argument belongs to argument.

Argument ②: This argument is an argument.

4. Argument methods and functions

① Demonstration with examples: Use specific examples to demonstrate, making it easier for people to accept the author’s views or claims.

Format: Use... examples to effectively demonstrate the point of view or reason of....

② Logical argument: quote famous quotes or aphorisms to make the argument authoritative and more convincing.

Format: Quote famous sayings and sayings to effectively demonstrate...a point of view or truth, which enhances the persuasiveness of the article.

③ Metaphoric argument: It can vividly prove the author’s point of view, making the reasoning vivid and easy for people to understand.

Format: Use metaphorical argumentation method to compare... to..., vividly demonstrate the point of view of..., making the argument simple and profound.

④ Comparative argument: Highlights the correctness or importance of the author’s point of view, making the reasoning more powerful.

Format: Use... to compare with... to clearly highlight the point of view of....

Exercise:

Some people say that Lei Feng is no longer our role model in pursuing the four modernizations and climbing to the peak of science and technology. Without advanced science and technology, there would be no four modernizations. We work hard on science and technology, and that's absolutely right. It is very necessary for us to learn from all accomplished scientists. But it cannot replace learning from Lei Feng. Marx once said: "History considers those who work exclusively for the welfare of the public and thereby become noble themselves to be great." Marx also said: "Anyone who works only for himself, of course, may also become a famous scholar, a great philosopher or an outstanding poet, but he will never become a perfect, truly great person."

1. What is the main argumentation method in this paragraph? What is the role of using this argumentation method?

(Principal argument. It effectively demonstrates that "engaging in the four modernizations and climbing to the peak of science and technology, Lei Feng still "It is our role model" point of view)

The main points of the argumentative essay examination are as follows

1. Find the central argument of the article (see the method above)

2. Identify the types of arguments and summarize the main content of the arguments (two types: factual arguments and rational arguments)

3. Find out the argument methods used in this article or paragraph and analyze their effects . (Four argumentation methods, see above for format)

4. What is the argumentation idea (process) of the full text (paragraph) of the argument? (See below)

5. Taste the sentences Add some benefits or functions of the words.

6. Add another factual or logical argument to the article.

7. Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Please explain your reasons.

8. The role of citing factual arguments or rational arguments at the beginning of the article.

9. The structural characteristics of the full text (or paragraph) of the argumentative essay: total - points - total, total - points, points - total.

The function of the argumentative paragraph is to lead the whole text, lead the following, transition, summarize the whole text, and echo back and forth.

3. Argumentative argumentation ideas (looking at the whole article, the argument is the central argument, that is, the reasoning process)

Argumentation idea format: First of all, cite (cite)... ...The examples (words) prove the point of view of... from the positive side, and then quote (cite) the words (examples) of... to prove the point of view of... from the negative side. Through comparative argumentation, it proves... Finally, through metaphorical argumentation, Proved... thereby effectively proving the central argument.

IV. The language characteristics of argumentative essays: accuracy, rigor, logic, vividness and distinctiveness

V. The argumentation structure of argumentative essays: raising questions, analyzing problems, solving problems

6. The function of the first paragraph:

Format: 1. At the beginning, the central argument is introduced through the example (or principle) of... Quoting anecdotes from famous people to put forward the central argument or introduce the topic). 2. Attract the reader's attention (thinking, interest). 3. Use it as a factual argument (or logical argument) to prove the central argument of this article.

7. The role of the final paragraph of the argumentative essay:

Format: 1. Deepen the central argument and draw a conclusion... 2. Reemphasize the central argument. 3. To issue... a call or exhort people... 4. To supplement the argument... to make the argument more rigorous. Argumentative essay reading skills

★Types of test questions

Looking at the argumentative essay reading test questions in previous high school entrance examinations, the test question types mainly include the following aspects:

1. Find or Refining arguments. An argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's opinion. Formally, it should be a complete sentence. How to find the correct argument: first read the article carefully, and then feel it in your mind after reading it. Then look at the title, the beginning, and the end to find the corresponding statement. Often an argumentative essay must prove the argument after putting it forward in the previous article, and then emphasize the argument at the end. You can consider this experience when answering the question.

2. Summarize the author’s ideas. It mainly tests students' overall grasp of the article. When answering questions, they should accurately summarize and skillfully connect the contents of each paragraph. The language expression is: first introduce the argument or sub-argument through..., then use... examples or famous quotes to discuss it, and finally draw the conclusion...

3. Analyze the role of individual sentences at the beginning or in the middle of the article. If we analyze the role of the opening chapter and answer this type of question, its opening chapter is often very distinctive, such as the beginning of a story or the beginning of a scene description. The purpose of this is often to pave the way for the presentation of arguments or topics later in the chapter, making the opening chapter novel and unique, attracting readers; at the same time, things in this part may also be used as examples to prove the argument. Therefore, you must contact the content of the subsequent articles and grasp the relationship between them. If we examine the structural role of the middle sentence, it usually serves as a transitional link between the previous and the following.

4. Screening of article information. For example, what is the cause of XXXXX? What are the functions of XXXX? Questions like these can basically be answered by selecting the original sentence from the text. It may be concentrated in a certain paragraph, or it may be juxtaposed among several natural sentences. In the paragraph, focus on some central sentences or key sentences. Another common one is to add the words "such", "this situation", "such", etc. What do they refer to in the text? The answer to such questions is often in front of this word.

5. Argument method. Mainly from two aspects:

1) Analysis and argumentation method. Commonly used argumentation methods include: example argumentation, rational argumentation (especially quotation), metaphorical argumentation, and comparative argumentation.

(2) Analyze the role of argumentation methods. The language expression is: ① Demonstration with examples: Give examples of... to demonstrate the point of view of... in a concrete and powerful manner. ② Logical argument: Quote famous quotes, mottos, proverbs, etc. to fully demonstrate the point of view of... and enhance the persuasiveness of the article. ③ Comparative argument: Discuss from both positive and negative aspects, and prominently demonstrate the point of view of...

④ Metaphoric argument: Using things to illustrate the truth, the image vividly demonstrates the point of view of..., making the argument easy to understand and easy to accept. Sometimes there is more than one argument method in a text, so you have to look for them all when answering the question. In the examination, examples, metaphors, and comparisons are often considered as key points.

6. Supplementary arguments. It mainly tests students' daily knowledge accumulation and requires them to write down factual arguments or rational arguments that can prove the central argument or sub-argument. ① When supplementing factual arguments, choose real and typical examples, summarize the description, and stick closely to the arguments. The selected facts and opinions must be consistent, otherwise the persuasiveness of the factual arguments will be lost. Cite many examples of famous people, and use the key words in the requirements to describe them in the process of telling them so as to fully reflect them. ② When supplementing the theoretical evidence, quote authoritative famous aphorisms, famous poems or proverbs, proverbs, etc. When quoting, it must be complete and accurate, and it must not be used in a pretentious manner or taken out of context.

7. Analyze the function or meaning of key words. This type of question should be combined with the context and try to figure out its specific meaning based on the context. These words often reflect metaphors, and we are often asked to write down their metaphorical meanings in exams. Another category (can the added words be removed), which are often some words that play a restrictive role in the sentence. After being removed, the scope is often expanded or the tone is dead, so there are many loopholes, and the argument is not very good. precise. The answer format is similar to the expository essay.

8. Imitation. To test students' language expression ability, students are required to write one or two sentences imitating the sentences given. The following points should be achieved when copying: ① The sentence structure is consistent. It is necessary to analyze the structural characteristics of the example sentences, divide each sentence in the example sentences into several parts, and determine the retained and changed parts. ②The rhetoric is the same. If the given example sentence uses some rhetoric, be sure to pay attention to the same rhetoric as the example sentence when copying the sentence. ③The semantics are coherent. The sentences you write should conform to the content of the entire paragraph, and the emotional tone and style should be consistent.

9. Expand. Please share your opinion on the points of this article: When answering the questions, 1. You should clearly agree or disagree (according to the question), 2. Give examples from life, and pay attention to see if you need to make a brief analysis based on reality. For example: For example, some specific things we encounter in life, what the situation is like, and how we deal with it. In life we ??need XXXXXXXXXX, it can make our life XXXXXXXXXX, let us XXXXXXXXXX. So, we want XXXXXXXXX.