the historical origin of the theory of mind
Confucianism is divided into six schools after Confucius, namely:
xiaokang school, Lisi school, Sima Qian school, Dong Zhongshu school, Mencius school, Gaozi school, Mencius school, Xunzi school and Xunzi school.
Legalists prevailed in the Qin Dynasty, and a hundred schools of thought were suppressed, including Confucianism.
In the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu promoted Confucianism, that is, the school of heaven and man, as well as the school of mind, and the school of post-mind was also the school of reason.
Mencius said: beginning of life was good in nature, and Xunzi said: inherent vice, beginning of life, told Zi that human nature can be good and hateful! Therefore, the school of science came to the conclusion that justice should be preserved and human desires should be destroyed! So how to define justice and human desire? How to define it? This is a good question!
during the rebellion of the Three Kingdoms, Wei, Jin and Eight Kings in Wuhua, there were hundreds of troubled times! The status of Confucianism has declined! Buddhism and Taoism prevail!
Buddhism was still prevalent during the Southern and Northern Dynasties! Four hundred and eighty temples in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy!
during the sui and Tang dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism still existed, but the prosperous times needed the theoretical basis of loyalty and filial piety of the stable society of Confucianism! So Confucianism is back in normal sight!
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, troubled times, military men in power, Confucian theory buried!
In the Northern Song Dynasty, martial arts were suppressed, and Confucianism, which had been interrupted for 7 years, was revived!
so self-denial is a gift! G king, king man, then heaven indicates prosperity, otherwise it warns!
After that, there were Cheng Yi, Zhu Xi and other rationalist schools, but most of them preached, so they became a mere formality! Most Neo-Confucians are lecturers, not practitioners! That is, Neo-Confucianism has a hypocrite!
Confucius' theory is to follow one's heart, Mencius' theory is not to be tempted, and Yangming's theory of mind has both. On the basis of not being tempted, one can follow one's inclinations, that is, to cultivate one's mind and practice things.
Mr. Yangming started with the idea of Zhang Zai, the originator of Neo-Confucianism, and made a heart for heaven and earth, pleaded for the people, inherited the past from the past, and made peace for all generations! Lenovo today's ideal of Ma Yun's Lakeside University is very similar, which is based on the market, the life of businessmen, the continuation of reform and opening up, and the peace of the new economy! Looking at Mr. Ma Yun's heroic words, you can imagine his high hopes for Lakeside University!
Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism is a cornerstone of the three cardinal principles and eight orders in the first classic university, in which the three cardinal principles are to be clear about morality, be close to the people and stop at the best, and the eight orders are to be clear about things, know, be sincere, be upright, cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world.
Mr. Yang Ming's psychological relationship chain is: determination, independence, sincerity, unity of knowledge and action, and conscience.
Wang Yangming's theory of mind is different from Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism. Case is positive, things are things, and case is the right thing to do; Cause is realization, knowledge is conscience, and knowledge is realization of conscience.
Lu Jiuyuan and Lu Xiangshan hold that mind is reason, the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe!
Yangming's theory of mind is similar to deduction. Everything starts from the heart and works with heart!
Zhu Xi's neo-Confucianism is similar to induction. Everything belongs to the family, so we should summarize the methodology before doing things!
the integration of knowledge and action proposed by Mr. Yangming emphasizes not only knowing but also doing. Such as lust, such as stench, an instinctive combination of knowledge and action, there is no buffer in the middle! The so-called mind-to-heart relationship is an instinctive unity of knowledge and action. A gentleman who has no dreams and no desires in his heart will inevitably not think about it every day and dream at night, which is a positive integration of knowledge and action.
sit quietly, practice things, and gather righteousness. Sit-in is for good and evil, wiping conscience, and not being blinded by desire. Practicing things is to constantly exercise your heart in practice. Set righteousness means that there is no ego, there is a big ego, constantly pushing yourself and others, helping others to accumulate goodness.
Conscience, goodness and conscience; Know, wisdom also! This requires a person to have both moral quality and concrete wisdom! What Mr. Yangming emphasized is to cultivate one's conscience, so how to cultivate one's heart? Sit in meditation? No! What is the knowledge of Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism? No! It should be practicing on things! Only by doing things can we exercise our hearts and constantly hone our hearts! In order to be conscientious!
to practice things means to practice your mind in human affairs. Human feelings include joys and sorrows, and events include wealth, poverty, adversity, life and death. Only by practicing one's mind in human feelings can one have a conscience.
The best practice in things is work, and continuous practice in work can maximize your conscience. Among them, there are four harmonies, harmony with heaven, harmony with the earth, harmony with people and harmony with oneself. Harmony with heaven and earth is the benevolence of all things. Harmony with people means dealing with the relationship between superiors and subordinates and at the same level. Harmony with oneself means obeying the orders of conscience to guide yourself.
how to understand the integration of heaven and earth? People eat animals and plants, and finally animals and plants are transformed into a part of the human body! People excrete feces as nutrients for plant growth, herbivores feed on plants, and carnivores feed on animals and plants. This cycle can be understood as the integration of heaven and earth!
people have compassion, gentlemen stay away from the kitchen, and Daiyu is sad to bury flowers. The so-called telepathy is the spiritual integration of heaven and earth!
Therefore, Confucianism says that heaven and earth are heartless, taking everything as a straw dog! Therefore, benevolence can shepherd the world!
Being with me is evil, being without me is good, being with me is an unknown conscience, and being without me is a conscience. Therefore, we should not always be arrogant in our life and work, but gradually achieve the realm of no self. Don't always be bound by the spirit and material of the ego, so that you can have a big ego!
There should be an interval for summing up and doing things in life, which is daily, monthly, quarterly, annually and from generation to generation, so that you can exercise your heart continuously in the form of fixed investment, which can lead to your conscience!
Confucianism's self-denial and self-denial ceremony is to hope that the king can control his own desires, otherwise, when he is in the world, he will use his desires to influence the people of the world! Shang Zhou, Xia Jie is an example, that's why Confucius offered a self-denial ceremony to the king in the Spring and Autumn Period on weekends. Mr. Yangming believes that everyone can be a saint, so we should do things pragmatically and practice things in order to make everyone have a conscience, and everyone is a saint with a clear conscience!
Cheng Yi thinks that the mind can be divided into mind and mood. Just keep your mind, and don't show mercy! I think that love is human desire and sex is justice, so I pursue the preservation of justice and destroy human desire!
Zhu Xi believes that sex should be kept, but sex alone can't keep the integrity of the heart after the love is gone, and it is necessary to find the reason from the outside to complete the heart! Therefore, we advocate the formation of knowledge by all things!
this heart does not move, but moves randomly. Opportunity is an opportunity to express one's seven lovers' desires. The first sentence talks about keeping the heart, and the second sentence talks about the expression of normal justice and the excretion of desire! The second point is that if you don't grasp it well, you may lose your heart and lose your mind, exposing your weaknesses to your opponents. It will also lead to the other extreme, such as Cheng Yi's extreme neo-Confucianism.
after Tian Quan's testimony, Mr. Yang Ming's psychology can be divided into two parts: the left emphasizes conscience and the right emphasizes practice. The left is represented by Wang Ruzhong and Wang Gen, while the right is represented by Luo Dehong. From Wang Gen, Yan Jun, Luo Rufang, He Xinyin, Jiao Hong and Li Zhi, the leftists gradually went to extremes. Right-wing psychology gradually transited from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty from Luo Dehong, Sun Qifeng and Li Qing, and its guiding ideology mainly evolved from Lu Jiuyuan, Yang Jian, Chen Baisha and Mao Qiling to Yangming's psychology. Finally, it revised the psychology and paid attention to the practice of things, that is, the integration of knowledge and practice.
the ideological essence of leftist psychology is: as the foundation, the country in the world is the last. The left wing of psychology emphasizes that the change of personal conscience affects the surroundings, that is, the change starts from the bottom and goes up from the bottom; Zhang Juzheng emphasized that the top design of political power influenced the lower level, that is, the reform was from top to bottom. Both of these reform methods are for the country and the people, but the ways are opposite. After Li Zhi, the leftist school of mind declined from the top. However, the thought of leftist psychology has been deeply rooted at the bottom, and since then, various public opinions have awakened, so there were many people's revolts in the late Ming Dynasty, and this Ming Dynasty died for one reason. After Li Zhi, the influence of leftist psychology moved from the bottom to the senior intellectuals, that is, Donglin Party headed by Gu Xiancheng. Ideologically, senior intellectuals have been in sharp opposition with the government, laying the ideological foundation of Ming and Wu, which is caused by two reasons.
The ideological essence of right-wing psychology is: practicing things and emphasizing the unity of knowledge and action.
Mr. Yangming's theory not only had a great influence in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China. The impact on Japan is far greater than that at home. Two of the representatives spread the theory of mind to Japan. The first one was an Guiwu, a Japanese monk, and the other one was the founder and disseminator of Yangming School in Japan, the famous Zhongjiang Brawly. The uprising of Eihachiro Oshima opened the curtain of the widespread influence of psychology in Japan. Since then, Yoshida Shōin, takasugi shinsaku and Ryoma Sakamoto, the first three masters of the Meiji Restoration, and ōkubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori, the three masters after the Meiji Restoration, have pushed Yangming's mind to a climax. In the reform era, these people combined their determination with practical practice, and practiced the integration of knowledge and practice in a down-to-earth manner, thus affecting modern Japan, even Asia and the world.
According to Takejiro, a Japanese mind master, Yangming's mind has two elements: one is meditation, and the other is career. It can also be understood as the left and right of the mind. Those who die of Zen will perish, as bright as the Ming Dynasty. Those who get a career rejuvenate the country, such as Japan, ZTE in the late Qing Dynasty and the Revolution of 1911.
Yangming's theory of mind also has a good influence on the military, because military skill is a war between people's hearts. We should keep my heart still and move randomly, so that we can keep up with the crisis and seize the fleeting opportunity exposed by the opponent's desire in the war. At the same time, Mr. Yangming said that it is easy to get rid of thieves in the mountains, but difficult to get rid of thieves in the heart. Although this statement can be understood as a difficulty to conscience, it also confirms the military value of Mr. Yang Ming's theory of mind from another side. Among the cases, the rebellion of Ningwang was put down in March, the bandits in Guangxi were put down at a negligible cost, and Tougou Heihachirou's historic victory in the naval battle against Ma. Worship Yangming all his life shows the military value of Mr. Yangming's mind.
Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is lazy. This is the relationship between learning and thinking elaborated by Confucius. Conscience, practice, and unity of knowledge and practice, which is the relationship between psychology and practice expounded by Mr. Yang Ming.
If there is no Zhong Ni in heaven and earth, eternity will be like a long night; Heaven and earth do not give birth to benevolence, and the ages are like chaos.