The British Empire, the United States of America, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At the beginning (in mid-August), there were actually only seven countries (two of which were only symbolic standard bearers) with a total of 16000 troops, including 8000 Japanese troops, 4800 Russian troops, 3000 British troops, 2 100 American troops, 800 French troops, 58 Austrian troops and 53 Italian troops. ?

19 From 1960s to 1990s, the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty launched a self-help movement to save the Qing Dynasty by introducing western military equipment, machine production and science and technology. The slogan of the Westernization Movement was "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage. However, due to "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", the symptoms are not cured. About 30 years later, although a number of modern military enterprises have emerged, compared with the old capitalist countries in the west, the gap is obvious. ?

During this period, the western countries represented by the United States, Germany, Britain and France have basically completed the second industrial revolution and entered the electrical age. After the second industrial revolution, the pattern that the west is advanced and the east is backward has been formed, and capitalism has begun to lead the world. ?

In order to quell the Taiping rebellion, the Qing dynasty did its best throughout the country. To make matters worse, during Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the powers of the southeast provinces signed mutual insurance agreements, but Yuan Shikai's new army, which was highly hoped by the Qing government, did not go to Beijing to be a loyal monarch, and there were170,000 Russian troops in outer Manchuria. Faced with this situation, the royal family of Jing Qing chose to flee without fighting. After this war, Cixi had a famous saying: It is better to be with foreigners than to be a domestic slave! ?

The feudal system decayed after it was introduced to the Qing Dynasty, but in the late Qing Dynasty, hundreds of officials protected each other and were corrupt. As the most powerful official in the late Qing Dynasty, Li Hongzhang argued that the fleet he built was full of sand. Li Hongzhang is so powerful that even corrupt officials cannot be suppressed, let alone others. A country has fundamentally collapsed. Even if the Qing government can win several wars, it can only live for a few more days.

After two Opium Wars and the Sino-Japanese War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. When the war of aggression against China happened, Empress Dowager Cixi had mastered the Great Qing Dynasty for 40 years!