1. Complement explains the spatial position (location, environment) where the action takes place. The preposition "Yu" is often omitted after verbs, and the word "Yu" can also be added, such as: strategizing, becoming famous all over the world, and so on.
2. Complement indicates the time or frequency of action. Note that some can add "Yu" or "zai" after the verb, while others cannot add "Yu" or "zai" after the verb, such as running nine times and losing three times.
Note: 1. The structure of verb-complement phrase: verb+complement. Note: words that play a complementary role are complements, indicating actions, action results, places, etc.
Some complements should be preceded by the structural particle "de", while others cannot be preceded by "de". 2. The complement in the verb-complement phrase cannot answer the verbs "who", "what" and "where".
For example, read clearly, go there, pick it up and introduce it in your mind. Complement phrase: form+complement. When adjectives are the center, they are only followed by complements, because adjectives can't take objects. The structural auxiliary word "de" is the sign of complement, such as: running fast, walking in a hurry, being clever, impenetrable, having fun, sweating from the heat, crying from pain, which is now generally called post-complement.
2. Supplementary explanation How to say that a phrase consisting of a verb followed by a word that plays a supplementary explanation role is called a verb-complement phrase in classical Chinese.
1. Complement explains the spatial position (location, environment) where the action takes place. The preposition "Yu" is often omitted after verbs, and the word "Yu" can also be added, such as: strategizing, becoming famous all over the world, and so on.
2. Complement indicates the time or frequency of action. Note that some can add "Yu" or "zai" after the verb, while others cannot add "Yu" or "zai" after the verb, such as running nine times and losing three times.
Note: 1. The structure of verb-complement phrase: verb+complement. Note: words that play a complementary role are complements, indicating actions, action results, places, etc.
Some complements should be preceded by the structural particle "de", while others cannot be preceded by "de". 2. The complement in the verb-complement phrase cannot answer the verbs "who", "what" and "where".
For example, read clearly, go there, pick it up and introduce it in your mind. Complement phrase: form+complement. When adjectives are the center, they are only followed by complements, because adjectives can't take objects. The structural auxiliary word "de" is the sign of complement, such as: running fast, walking in a hurry, being clever, impenetrable, having fun, sweating from the heat, crying from pain, which is now generally called post-complement.
3. What are the methods of explaining classical Chinese? There are many ways to explain things and things. The commonly used explanation methods are as follows.
Definition interpretation: also called definition. Sometimes in order to highlight the main contents and problems of things, things are often defined in concise words, so that readers have a clear concept of the explained objects. For example, in the article "Overall Planning Law", the author defines the overall planning law with the method of explanation: "Overall planning law is a mathematical method to arrange the work process." The language is concise, concise and accurate.
Numeric symbol: Also called column number. Sometimes in order to quantitatively explain the characteristics of things, some figures are often used to explain them accurately and scientifically. For example, the article "The Dead Sea is Undead" explains the length, width and depth of the Dead Sea. The majestic Great Hall of the People also uses a series of figures to illustrate that the majestic Great Hall of the People is one of the most magnificent buildings in the capital.
Comparative explanation: also called comparison. In order to explain some abstract or unfamiliar things, comparing with concrete or familiar things can often enhance the effect of explaining things. For example, in the Great Hall of the People, in order to illustrate the building area of the banquet hall, the author used the contrast method: "The 5000-seat banquet hall is another scene. It covers an area of 7,000 square meters, which is larger than a football field, and its exquisite design is rare. "
Metaphor explanation: also called metaphor. Using familiar things as metaphors can make things to be explained concrete and visualized, and help people understand the characteristics of things to be explained. For example, at the beginning of the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", it says: "The pier of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow." This metaphor captures the characteristics of stone arch bridge at once.
Illustration: Also called example. It is through enumerating facts that more complicated things or abstract things become concrete, clear and easy to understand. For example, in the article "Marching into the Desert", the successful cases of sand control in desert areas of Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia are cited, indicating that "the desert can be conquered".
Classification description: also called classification. It is often difficult to explain the characteristics of things unilaterally. According to the similarities and differences of shapes, properties, causes and functions of things, things can be divided into several categories, and then explained one by one according to the categories. Using classification, we should explain things and different aspects of things according to certain standards.
Citation: Also called citation. Quoting some documents, poems, proverbs and famous sayings can make the explanation more convincing. For example, the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" quoted Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, which shows that the design and construction are ingenious.
4. How is classical Chinese interpreted? Translation of classical Chinese should be accurate and fluent. Therefore, the translation of classical Chinese should pay attention to certain methods.
To sum up, there are roughly the following. One is literal translation.
Literal translation means direct translation according to the meaning and word order of the original text. (complete) silence.
The second is free translation. Free translation means translating according to the meaning of the original text, not word for word.
For example, a general died in a hundred battles, and a strong man returned ten years later. This sentence uses the rhetoric of intertextuality, and the words in the context must penetrate each other, explain each other and combine to express a complete meaning.
The third is the auxiliary method. This method is suitable for Chinese ellipsis sentence patterns. When translating this sentence pattern, only by adding ellipsis can the sentence be fluent and clear.
People don't understand (me) and (I) don't care (people). This increase makes the meaning smooth.
The fourth is the word order shift method. Because the order of symbols in inverted sentences in classical Chinese does not conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese, it is necessary to switch the positions of inverted sentences in translation to make them conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese.
Why do children rely on it? In translation, the verb "Shi" should be moved before the object "He". The fifth is the original word retention method.
Names, place names, official names, units of measurement, year numbers, names of emperors, dynasties and other words. In ancient Chinese, it can be translated without translation. For example, in the celebration calendar, there is Bi Sheng in cloth.
"Li Qing" (year number) and "Bi Sheng" (name) are special nouns, which can be directly retained in the original sentence when translated. The sixth is the deletion method.
Some function words in classical Chinese only have some grammatical functions and have no real meaning, so they can be deleted when translating. For example, Liu Ziji and Gaoshangshi in Nanyang.
The function word "ye" in the sentence can be deleted and not translated.
5. Classical Chinese translation explains the original text of Ning Guan's Parting (Liu Yiqing in Southern Dynasties).
Ning Guan and Hua Xin were both from the late Han Dynasty. At first, they hoed vegetables together in the garden. Seeing a piece of gold in the field, waving a hoe, turning a blind eye, is no different from tiles. China was happy when he caught it, and threw it away when he saw it. I have also tasted the taste of reading at the same table. Someone came in with Xuanzang. I would rather study as before, I will waste my books. Ning cut the table and divided the seats, saying, "Zi is not my friend."
translate
Ning Guan and Hua Xin were both from the late Han Dynasty. One morning, two people were hoeing vegetables together in the garden and saw a piece of gold on the ground. Guan Ning still waved his hoe as if he didn't see it, treating it as a tile stone, but Hua Xin was very happy and stole a look.
Throw it away for Ning Guan's sake. On another occasion, the two of them sat at the table reading a book. Someone passed by the door in a limousine. Ning Guan was still reading a book, but Huaxin left the book and went out to read it. Guan Ning cut the mat, Hua Xin.
Sit at the table and say (to Huaxin), "You are not my friend."
6. How to say "Yong" in ancient Chinese is also "Yong" in ancient Chinese.
Use yang
Explanation:
1, people or things play a role: make ~. ~ heart. ~ soldiers. ~ Wu.
2. Available: ~ products. ~ and.
3. politely refuse who has a meal: ~ rice.
4. money spent: fee ~. ~ item. ~ capital.
5, the effect of material use: workmanship ~. Have a gift.
6. Need (mostly negative): Don't talk too much.
7, therefore: ~ here.
"Yong" in ancient Chinese prose;
1, Zhan Rongchuan in Ming Dynasty
Twenty-two years, the right is the governor of Gansu. Lu Migong sent more than 90 people to stay in Ganzhou, and the company commander Yang Xin drove the imperial coach, one of the ten deaths. Rong Yan said: "He came with good things, but he used them as Depth Charge, losing the hearts of the people, which shows that China is weak."
Translation of vernacular Chinese: In the 22nd year of Jiajing (Zhan Rong), more than 90 people were stranded in Gansu Province with tributes from Lu, assistant minister of the Ministry of War and governor of Youdu. Yang Xin, the company commander, drove them to fight the Mongolian army, and one-tenth of them died. Uncle Zhan said: "Lu sent messengers to make friends for both sides, but we drove them away to fight against Mongolian soldiers." This will lose the hearts of people far away, and people will think that the Central Plains is weak. "
2. Biography of Zhang Wenkui in the New Tang Dynasty.
Ji said, "I have no suspicion of inaction. If one is not so determined, then give a knife to break the fruit; Some people are born with less inspections, so they are given a belt to keep them tied. If you are talented, you can give nothing. How can you use it? "
Li Ji said, "Don't be suspicious. Like so-and-so at home, he hesitated and lacked decision, so I gave him a sabre to make him decisive: if someone at home indulged and lacked discipline, I gave him a jade belt to make him abide by various rules and regulations. As for your talent, there is nothing you can't display, so what gift do you need? "
3. Huai Nan Zi Dao Ying Xun
Therefore, it can be thin without details, and it is also used by people.
Therefore, there are no people with low status and poor ability. The key lies in how wise monarchs use them.
Extended data:
Related words
1, supply [yǐ ng p ǐ n]
Article uses: life ~. Office.
2. Daily use
Daily living expenses: part of the money is spent and the rest is saved.
3. When using [zh not ng yò ng]
The most important thing; Useful (mostly negative): It's really a pity that this is not done well.
Step 4 push hard
Use strength; Push: ~ shout. ~ push the door open.
Step 5 don't use it
In fact, there is no need: ~ introduction, we know each other. We're all on our own. You're welcome.
I care what you say. I care what you say in ancient classical Chinese. I am here, not here.
Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed.
Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words were deleted.
Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.
8. Description of ancient Chinese 1. To learn classical Chinese, you should read more books first.
As the saying goes, "read a book a hundred times and you will understand its meaning." Su Shi also said, "So, a book is never tired of reading, and you know it when you are familiar with it." Repeated reading is the basic requirement and method of learning classical Chinese.
Second, to learn classical Chinese, we must master a certain number of classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese words in ancient Chinese can be divided into two categories: classical Chinese content words and classical Chinese function words. Learning classical Chinese and mastering a certain number of real words and function words in classical Chinese are very helpful to learn classical Chinese well.
First of all, talk about the learning and mastery of the content words in classical Chinese. The so-called notional words in classical Chinese traditionally refer to nouns, verbs and adjectives.
For the convenience of learning, nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers and pronouns are usually regarded as content words. Master the following knowledge.
(A) learn to master the flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Flexible use of parts of speech is to temporarily change the original parts of speech and grammatical functions of one kind of words according to language habits in a certain language environment, and has the parts of speech and grammatical functions of another kind of words.
There are many flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese, such as nouns as verbs, adjectives as verbs and numerals as verbs; Verbs are nouns and adjectives are nouns; The flexible use of nouns as adverbials is a common phenomenon in the study of classical Chinese. In addition, notional words have special flexible usages, such as causative usages of nouns, verbs and adjectives, and intentional usages of nouns and adjectives.
(2) Learning and mastering interchangeable words. Homonyms are homonyms rather than words, that is, using one homonym to express the meaning of another homonym.
Mastering the study of interchangeable words is very helpful for students to learn classical Chinese well. (3) The word learning and mastering is ambiguous.
Polysemy means that a word has several meanings. Polysemy is a common phenomenon in ancient Chinese.
The meaning of the same word is closely related; There are also those who are not close; There are even distant ones. Therefore, the meaning of a word can only be determined in a specific language environment.
(4) Learn and master the different meanings of ancient and modern times. That is, words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
Secondly, we should learn and master the function words in classical Chinese. People often say: "Wisdom, Hu, Ye, Zhe, Yi, Yan and Zai, if used well, are scholars".
The specific methods to master are: (1) Learning from sentences in combination with context. Learning function words in classical Chinese should follow the principle that words are inseparable from sentences, just like learning content words. Without content words, you cannot understand their meaning. (2) analysis and induction, focusing on accumulation.
(3) Memorize disyllabic function words and master the fixed format. Third, we should learn and master the commonly used classical Chinese sentence patterns.
Judgment; Second, passive sentence patterns; The position of sentence components. Such common sentences include subject-predicate inversion, prepositional object sentence, attributive postposition sentence and so on. Omission of sentence elements.
The so-called ellipsis sentence; Five fixed sentence patterns. Fourth, master the general translation methods of classical Chinese.
The translation of classical Chinese is to translate classical Chinese with standardized modern Mandarin, and truly achieve "faithfulness and elegance". Besides literal translation and free translation, there are six specific translation methods: translation, addition, substitution, reservation, deletion and order adjustment.