Whatever happens must come to pass. Only those who are quiet in the world can see the subtleties and know them. When the moon is dim and windy, when the sky is moist and it rains, everyone knows it. The passage of human affairs, the interdependence of principles and trends, which are vast and difficult to know, and the changes are unpredictable, are these things related to the yin and yang of heaven and earth. But the sages don’t know, so what’s the reason? Likes and dislikes are mixed up inside, and the benefits are taken away from them! In the past, Shan Juyuan saw Wang Yan and said, "He must be the one who misleads the people of the world!" Guo Fenyang saw Lu Qi and said : "This person has achieved his ambition. My descendants will be like him!" From now on, the reason is clearly visible. From what I can see, Wang Yanzhi is a person who, by his appearance and words, is destined to deceive the world and steal his reputation. However, if you don't worry and don't seek, you will float and sink with things. The Jin Dynasty had no Emperor Hui and only had the middle lord. Even if it spread hundreds of thousands, why would it cause chaos in the world? Lu Qi's treachery was enough to defeat the country. However, if you have no education and no literature, your appearance is not enough to impress people, and your words are not enough to dazzle the world, how can you use it if it is not the despicable depravity of Dezong? From this point of view, it is inevitable that the two princes are the same as the two sons! Now there are people, He recited the words of Confucius and Lao Lao, walked on the journey of Yi and Qi, recruited well-known people and people who had no ambitions, made false remarks to each other, and privately named them, thinking that Yan Yuan and Meng Ke were coming back, but the sinister thieves were ruthless and fierce. People are different. It was Wang Yan and Lu Qi who became one person. How can the misfortune be exaggerated? My husband never forgets to wash away the dirt on his face, and he never forgets to wash away the dirt on his clothes. This person is extremely affectionate. This is not the case today either. The clothes worn by the ministers are the clothes of the captives. How can it be sentimental to eat the food of a dog's squirrel, and to talk about poems and books while the prisoner's head is beheaded? A person who is unkind in everything is rarely a great traitor, such as being cunning, changing his teeth, or prescribing prescriptions. In the name of the world, it can relieve its unseen troubles. Although there is a master who is willing to govern and a good person, he will still use it. Then it is inevitable and undoubted that it will be a trouble to the world, and it is not the ratio of the two sons. Sun Tzu said: "Those who are good at using soldiers have no great achievements." If you let this person not use it, then I would be exaggerating, and this person will sigh that he will not meet him. Who knew that the disaster would come to this? No. The world will suffer disaster, and I have learned the name of the wise man, I am sad! ——Song Dynasty·Su Xun's "Discrimination of Adultery" Discrimination of Adultery

Song Dynasty: Su Xun

Things have happened It must come, of course. Only those who are quiet in the world can see the subtleties and know them. When the moon is dim and windy, when the sky is moist and it rains, everyone knows it. The passage of human affairs, the interdependence of principles and trends, which are vast and difficult to know, and the changes are unpredictable, are these things related to the yin and yang of heaven and earth. And the sages don’t know, so what’s the reason? Likes and dislikes are mixed up inside, and the benefits and harms are taken away from them!

In the past, Shan Juyuan met Wang Yan and said: "He must be the one who misleads the common people in the world." !" Guo Fenyang saw Lu Qi and said: "This man has achieved his ambition, and my descendants will be like him!" From now on, the reason is obvious. From what I can see, Wang Yanzhi is a person who, by his appearance and words, is destined to deceive the world and steal his reputation. However, if you don't worry and don't seek, you will float and sink with things. The Jin Dynasty had no Emperor Hui and only had the middle lord. Even if it spread hundreds of thousands, why would it cause chaos in the world? Lu Qi's treachery was enough to defeat the country. However, if you have no knowledge and no literature, your appearance is not enough to impress people, your words are not enough to dazzle the world, and it is not the contempt of Dezong, how can you use it? From this point of view, it is inevitable that the material of the two princes and the two sons will be different!

Nowadays, there are people who recite the words of Confucius and Lao Lao, go on the journey of barbarians and Qi, recruit well-known people and people who have no ambitions, talk to each other and create private names, thinking that Yan Yuan and Meng Ke are coming back. But the sinister thief is sinister and has a different taste from others. It was Wang Yan and Lu Qi who became one person. How can the misfortune be exaggerated? My husband never forgets to wash away the dirt on his face, and he never forgets to wash away the dirt on his clothes. This person is extremely affectionate. This is not the case today either. The clothes worn by the ministers are the clothes of the captives. How can it be sentimental to eat the food of a dog's squirrel, and to talk about poems and books while the prisoner's head is beheaded? A person who is unkind in everything is rarely a great traitor, such as being cunning, changing his teeth, or prescribing prescriptions. In the name of the world, it can relieve its unseen troubles. Although there is a master who is willing to govern and a good person, he will still use it. Then it is inevitable and undoubted that it will be a trouble to the world, and it is not the ratio of the two sons. Translation and Commentary of Ancient Texts

Translation 1

The development of things must have a certain ending, and the truth has its own laws. Only those who behave calmly in the world can foresee the significant changes that will occur in the future from the subtleties. Everyone knows that a halo around the moon indicates that winds will blow, and that moisture on the stone pillars of a house indicates that it will rain. The development and changes of personnel, the causal relationship between emotions and situations are also vague and difficult to fully understand, and are ever-changing and unpredictable. How can they be compared with the changes of yin and yang in the heaven and earth? Even wise people are puzzled by this.

What is the reason for this? This is because love and hatred disturb their hearts, and interests affect their actions!

Once upon a time, Juyuan from Qianshan met Wang Yan and said, "In the future, I will give it to the world." It must be this person who brings disaster to the people!" Guo Fenyang saw Lu Qi and said, "Once this person succeeds, he will kill all my descendants!" Now analyze what they said. The reason is predictable. In my opinion, Wang Yanzhi is indeed qualified to deceive the world and steal his reputation in terms of appearance and conversation. But he is not jealous of others, not greedy for money, he just goes with the flow. If the Jin Dynasty did not have such a foolish emperor as Emperor Hui, even if the ruler was only a middle-level monarch, even if there were hundreds or thousands of people like Wang Yan, how could they disrupt the world? Lu Qi's treachery was indeed enough to destroy the country. . But he has no knowledge and skills, his appearance is not impressive, and his words are not enough to deceive the society. If he had not met a despicable and mediocre monarch like Dezong, how could he be reused? From this point of view, the relationship between Shan and Guo Dukes towards Wang and Lu The predictions made by the two men may not be completely true!

Now there are people who recite the words of Confucius and Laozi, practice the actions of Boyi and Shuqi personally, and recruit a group of people who pursue fame and have no ambition. Scholars created public opinions among themselves and advertised to each other privately, thinking that they were the reincarnations of Yan Yuan and Meng Ke. However, they were insidious and vicious, and had different interests from ordinary people. This combines Wang Yan and Lu Qi into one person. Can we finish talking about the harm he has created in society? It is human nature not to forget to wash your face when your face is dirty, and to wash your clothes when they are dirty. Now he is not like this. He wears the clothes of a slave, eats the food of pigs and dogs, his hair is as disheveled as a prisoner, and his expression is mournful as if someone has died in the family, yet he talks about "Poetry" and "Books" there. Can this be said to be human? Do you really feel like this? Those who act inhumanely rarely become treacherous and evil people, such as those who are cunning, arrogant, and prescriptive. This person uses the power of his great reputation in the world to promote disasters that have not yet formed. Although there is a monarch who works hard to govern and a prime minister who respects talents, he will still be selected and reused. In this way, there is no doubt that he will become a scourge to the world, and this is something that not only Wang and Lu can compare with.

Sun Tzu said: "Those who are good at using soldiers have no outstanding achievements." If this person is not reused, then my words are a bit excessive, and this person will feel that his talent is not appreciated. Who could have known that the disaster would reach this point? Otherwise, the world would suffer from his disaster, and I would also gain a reputation as a visionary, which would be so sad!

Translation 2

There are reasons why things develop the way they do, and reasons have their origins in the way they are. Only the most calm and cultivated people in the world can predict the results of development from subtle changes. Everyone knows that there is a halo around the moon, that there will be wind, that the pillars and foundations of the house are damp, and that it is going to rain. How can the development and changes of things in the human world, the interdependence of principles and situations, be unpredictable and unpredictable, compared with the yin and yang of heaven and earth? And some virtuous people don’t know, so what’s the reason? It is the feelings of love and hate that disturb their thoughts, and considerations of gain and loss that influence their behavior.

In the past, when Shan Juyuan saw Wang Yan, he said: "This person must be the one who will harm the people of the world in the future." After Guo Ziyi saw Lu Qi, he said: "If this person succeeds, None of my descendants will be left." Based on the analysis of today's situation, this truth is indeed foreseeable. In my opinion, Wang Yan, in terms of appearance and speech, does have a reputation for deceiving others. However, he does not hate others, does not ask for anything, he just goes with the flow. If the Jin Dynasty did not have the idiot Hui Emperor at that time, even if he was just an ordinary Lord, even if there are thousands of people like Wang Yan, how can they mess up the world? Although Lu Qi's treachery was enough to destroy the country, he had no knowledge or skills, his appearance was not impressive enough, and his words were not enough to deceive the world. How could he have been reused if he had not met the despicable and mediocre Tang Dezong? From this point of view, the predictions made by Shan and Guo to Wang and Lu may not necessarily be the case.

Now there is a person who talks about the words of Confucius and Laozi, practices the actions of Boyi and Shuqi personally, recruits some people who are seeking fame and reputation and people who have no ambition, and jointly creates public opinion and promotes himself. , (pretending himself) to be the reincarnation of Yan Yuan and Meng Ke, but in fact he has ulterior motives, is sinister and vicious, and has different aspirations and interests from ordinary people.

This man is a combination of Wang Yan and Lu Qi. Can the harm he caused be described in words? Don’t forget to wash your face when your face is dirty, and don’t forget to wash your clothes when they are dirty. This is human nature. Now (this person) is not like this. He wears the clothes of a slave, eats the food of pigs and dogs, his hair is as disheveled as a prisoner, and his face is covered with dust as if he is in mourning, but he talks about poetry and books. Is this his true temperament? Anyone who behaves inhumanely will rarely become a very evil person, such as being cunning, arrogant, and prescriptive. He uses his unparalleled good reputation to promote disasters that have not yet occurred. Although there are monarchs who want to manage the country and prime ministers who love talents, they will still recommend him and appoint him. Then it is inevitable and unquestionable that he will become a scourge to the world. This is something that not only Wang and Lu can compare with.

Sun Tzu said: "Those who are good at using soldiers have no outstanding achievements." If this person is not reused, then what I said is wrong, and this person will lament that his talent is not appreciated. Who could have known that the disaster would be so serious? If this were not the case, (he was reused) the world would suffer disaster from him, and I would gain the reputation of being able to discern subtle things and discern people's words. That would be too sad. Appreciation

Looking at the entire text of "Discrimination of Adultery" in a coherent manner, the author does have something to say about the purpose of writing, but the author does not specify the specific person he refers to. There is no need for us to conduct cumbersome verification. In terms of its conception and composition alone, this article is indeed a famous piece of ancient Chinese literature.

The author’s point of view of “seeing the subtleties and knowing the big things” has some truth. Don't underestimate small things, big things are accumulated from small things. "Beware of the subtle and prevent the gradual" has long been a famous saying regarded as a guideline by the ancients. As Wu Chucai, a man of the Qing Dynasty, said: "Knowing the writing by seeing the subtleties can be the method of observing people through the ages."

The outstanding success of this article lies in the planning of the article. The article begins by comparing celestial phenomena with human affairs, pointing out that human affairs are more difficult to grasp than celestial phenomena, and explains that this is the inevitable result of "likes and dislikes" and "interests". What you say is reasonable and there is a reason for holding it, which cannot but be approved by others. Then, through the historical comments of Shan Tao and Guo Ziyi on Wang Yan and Lu Qi, it is shown that although Shan and Guo's comments have some truth, they also have some omissions, which pave the way for the following "There are people today" . The third paragraph of this article is the part where the author devotes all his energy to venting. He describes the various manifestations of "there are people today" to his heart's content, all in one go, like a waterfall venting wildly. The sharpness of his writing and the rigor of his argument cannot but be astonishing. At the end, the author leaves room to propose two possible situations, which makes people feel the author's fair attitude. Creative background In 1069, Wang Anshi began to implement new laws, which was opposed by conservatives. In order to attack Wang Anshi, the conservatives circulated this article and signed it as the deceased Su Xun, using the idea that the author had "seen the subtleties" before Wang Anshi's reform and foresaw that he would be a traitor if he succeeded. Academic circles have different opinions on whether "Discrimination of Adultery" was written by Su Xun. Appreciation

"Discrimination of Adultery" aims to slander Wang Anshi and try his best to oppose the "New Party". Regardless of its original purpose, there are two points that are similar to today's times:

First, the author calls Wang Anshi "Reciting the books of Confucius orally, walking on the journey of the barbarians, recruiting well-known people and those who have no ambitions, talking to each other in artificial words, private names, thinking that Yan Yuan and Meng Ke are coming back, but the sinister thieves are sinister and are fighting with others. It's strange. If Wang Yan and Lu Qi become one person, how can the disaster be unreasonable? "I don't care whether Wang Anshi is like this. However, sinister thieves are as sinister and ruthless as the combination of Wang and Lu. They have existed for generations and are not uncommon today. This is one of the inspirations this theory gives to future generations. They must be vigilant and "distinguish". Otherwise, it may cause harm to one's life in a minor case, or harm the country and the people in a serious case.

Secondly, the author mentions an "inhumane" phenomenon: "It is unreasonable to talk about poems and books while wearing the clothes of prisoners, eating the food of dogs and pigs, and talking about poems and books with their heads and faces cut off. Is that so?" However, this seemingly unnatural situation was frequently seen in prisons after the summer of 1957 and during the Cultural Revolution. This is a tragedy. Of course, the ancients could not have predicted this tragedy. Solution

The author of "On Distinguishing Adultery" believes that things have certain rules. As long as you can carefully observe and grasp the rules, you can see the subtle effects. Therefore, people can detect the perpetrators of trouble before it happens by observing their behavior. Traitor. Some people have always believed that the original intention of this article was to secretly criticize Wang Anshi, while others believed that this article was not written by Su Xun, and there is no conclusion yet.

"On Distinguishing Adultery" focuses on analyzing some natural and social phenomena, and draws the conclusion that "you can tell by looking at the subtleties", and provides readers with reference opinions on how to identify people. This is also a famous piece of prose in the Song Dynasty. The author of "Discrimination of Adultery" is still controversial. The old theory was that it was written by Su Xun to ridicule Wang Anshi's "unkindness". Later, after research by the Qing Dynasty, it was determined to be a forgery by Shao Bowen of the Song Dynasty, who used Su Xun's name. Su Xun (1009-1066), named Mingyun, Han nationality, came from Meishan, Meizhou (now a native of Meishan, Sichuan). The Northern Song Dynasty writer, together with his sons Su Shi and Su Che, are collectively known as the "Three Sus", and they are all included in the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Xun was good at prose, especially political commentary. His arguments were clear and clear, and his writing style was vigorous. His "Jiayou Collection" has been handed down to the world.

Su Xun

Su Xun (1009-1066), named Mingyun, Han nationality, came from Meishan, Meizhou (now a native of Meishan, Sichuan). The Northern Song Dynasty writer, together with his sons Su Shi and Su Che, is collectively known as the "Three Sus", and they are all included in the "Eight Great Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Xun was good at prose, especially political commentary. His arguments were clear and clear, and his writing style was vigorous. His "Jiayou Collection" has been handed down to the world. ? 74 poems and essays On March 16, Han Yu, a tribute scholar from Qianxiang, would like to pay his respects to Your Excellency Xianggong again. The more he heard that Zhou Gong was the assistant prime minister, he was eager to see the virtuous, so he vomited his food three times and washed his hair three times. All the talents in the world have been put to use, all the treacherous, slanderous and bullying people have been eliminated, the world is safe, all the nine barbarians and eight barbarians outside the wilderness have paid tribute, there are natural disasters, insects, vegetation and monsters. It has disappeared, the so-called etiquette, music, punishment, political and educational tools in the world have all been repaired, the customs have been honest, the animals and plants, and those who have been touched by wind, rain, frost and dew have all been suitable. There is no need to conquer Jiarui or Linfeng. The turtles, dragons, and other descendants have all been prepared, and Zhou Gong, with his talents as a saint and his uncle's relatives, has done his best to assist in the inheritance and transformation. Among the people he seeks to see him, are they any more virtuous than the Duke of Zhou? Not only was he not as virtuous as the Duke of Zhou, how could he be as virtuous as the deacons of the time? Is there any plan or discussion that can make up for the transformation of Zhou Gong? However, the Duke of Zhou was so anxious to ask for it, for fear that his ears and eyes would not hear or see it, and his thoughts would not be enough to fulfill the king's entrustment to the Duke of Zhou. As the Duke of Zhou was thinking, if he had not completed his contribution to assisting Li Chenghua at that time, if he was not a saint, and had no uncle's relatives, he would have no time to eat and bathe. How could he spit out food and hold his hair for diligence? Stop? In order to maintain this, I now praise the virtues of Cheng Wang and say that the merits of Duke Zhou will not fade away. Now that you are the assistant prime minister, you are also close to me. How can we use all the talented people in the world? How can we get rid of all the treacherous, slanderous, sycophantic and bullying people? Is the world safe? How can those of the Nine Barbarians and Eight Barbarians who are outside the Huangfu serve as Bingong? Natural disasters come and go, and insects, vegetation, and monsters will all disappear? Are all the so-called rituals, music, punishments, political and educational tools in the world repaired? How can customs be honest? Is it appropriate for all the animals and plants, the wind, rain, frost and dew to touch it? Why don't you conquer Jiarui, Linfeng, Turtle and Dragon? Although the scholars he seeks are not worthy of great virtue, how can they be inferior to hundreds of deacons? How can it be said that there is nothing to add to it? Although it is not possible to spit out food and hold the hair like Duke Zhou, it is still appropriate to lead him in, observe why he is there, and then go and follow him. It is not appropriate to just remain silent. He has been on standby for more than forty days. I read the book again and again, but I still can't make it. It's enough to reach the door three times, but the people say goodbye. But he was stupid and didn't know how to escape, so there was another saying about Zhou Gong. Your Excellency, please take note of it. Ancient scholars would be in mourning if they were not in office for three months, so when they left the country, they would have to bear their burdens. However, the emphasis is on self-improvement, because if you can't do it in Zhou, you can go to Lu; if you can't do it in Lu, you can go to Qi; if you can't do it in Qi, you can go to Song, Zheng, Qin, or Chu. Today, the next king will have one country all over the world. If he abandons this, he will be barbarian and will go to the country of his parents. Therefore, those who practice Taoism are not allowed to go to court, and they are just in the mountains and forests. The mountains and forests are a place for scholars to take care of themselves and not worry about the rest of the world. If you have the heart to worry about the world, you can't do it. Therefore, every time I go forward by myself, I don't know where to be ashamed. I write in a hurry, and I can count enough to reach the door, but I don't know where to stop. Ning Du is just like this, and he is worried. He is afraid of not being able to come under the disciples of great sages. I only rarely pay attention to it. It is a violation of dignity and fear. Worship again. ——Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty "The letter to the prime minister was sent again on the twenty-ninth day after the 29th"

The letter to the prime minister was sent again on the 29th day after the 29th

Tang Dynasty: Han Yu

Three On the sixteenth day of the month, Han Yu, a tribute scholar from Qianxiang, would like to pay his respects to Your Excellency Mr. Yan again.

The more he heard that Zhou Gong was the assistant prime minister, he was eager to see the virtuous, so he ate and vomited his food three times, and washed and held his hair three times.

All the talents in the world have been put to use, all the treacherous, slanderous and bullying people have been eliminated, the world is safe, all the nine barbarians and eight barbarians outside the wilderness have paid tribute, there are natural disasters, insects, vegetation and monsters. The interests have been eliminated, and the so-called rituals, music, punishments, political and educational tools in the world are all expanded to read the full text ∨

On March 16th, Han Yu, a tribute scholar from Qianxiang, would like to pay his respects to Your Excellency Xianggong again.

The more he heard that Zhou Gong was the assistant prime minister, he was eager to see the virtuous, so he ate and vomited his food three times, and washed and held his hair three times. All the talents in the world have been put to use, all the treacherous, slanderous and bullying people have been eliminated, the world is safe, all the nine barbarians and eight barbarians outside the wilderness have paid tribute, there are natural disasters, insects, vegetation and monsters. It has disappeared, the so-called etiquette, music, punishment, political and educational tools in the world have all been repaired, the customs have been honest, the animals and plants, and those who have been touched by wind, rain, frost and dew have all been suitable. There is no need to conquer Jiarui or Linfeng. The turtles, dragons, and other descendants have all been prepared, and Zhou Gong, with his talents as a saint and his uncle's relatives, has done his best to assist in the inheritance and transformation. Among the people he seeks to see him, are they any more virtuous than the Duke of Zhou? Not only was he not as virtuous as the Duke of Zhou, how could he be as virtuous as the deacons of the time? Is there any plan or discussion that can make up for the transformation of Zhou Gong? However, the Duke of Zhou was so anxious to ask for it, for fear that his ears and eyes would not hear or see anything, and he would not think about it enough, so that he would not be able to fulfill the king's intention of entrusting the Duke of Zhou, and would not be in the hearts of the world. As the Duke of Zhou was thinking, if he had not completed his contribution to assisting Li Chenghua at that time, was not a saint, and had no uncle's relatives, he would have no time to eat and bathe. How could he spit out food and hold his hair for diligence? Stop? In order to maintain this, I now praise the virtues of Cheng Wang and praise the Duke of Zhou for his unfailing merits.

Now that you are the assistant prime minister, you are also close to me. How can we use all the talented people in the world? How can we get rid of all the treacherous, slanderous, sycophantic and bullying people? Is the world safe? How can those of the Nine Barbarians and Eight Barbarians who are outside the Huangfu serve as Bingong? Natural disasters come and go, and insects, vegetation, and monsters will all disappear? Are all the so-called rituals, music, punishments, political and educational tools in the world repaired? How can customs be honest? Isn't it suitable for all the animals and plants, the wind, rain, frost and dew that touch it? Why don't you conquer Jiarui, Linfeng, Turtle, and Dragon? Although the scholars he seeks are not worthy of great virtue, how can they be inferior to hundreds of deacons? How can it be said that there is nothing to add to it? Although it is not possible to spit out food and hold the hair like Duke Zhou, it is still appropriate to lead him in, observe why he is there, and then go and follow him. It is not appropriate to just remain silent.

He has been on standby for more than forty days. I read the book again and again, but I still can't make it. It's enough to reach the door three times, but the people say goodbye. But he was stupid and didn't know how to escape, so there was another saying about Zhou Gong. Your Excellency, please take note of it. Ancient scholars would be in mourning if they were not in office for three months, so when they left the country, they would have to bear their burdens. However, the emphasis is on self-improvement, because if you can't do it in Zhou, you can go to Lu; if you can't do it in Lu, you can go to Qi; if you can't do it in Qi, you can go to Song, Zheng, Qin, or Chu. Today, the next king will have one country all over the world. If he abandons this, he will be barbarian and will go to the country of his parents. Therefore, those who practice Taoism are not allowed to go to court, and they are just in the mountains and forests. The mountains and forests are a place where a scholar can take care of himself and not worry about the rest of the world. If you have the heart to worry about the world, you can't do it. Therefore, every time I go forward by myself, I don't know where to be ashamed. I write in a hurry, and I can count enough to reach the door, but I don't know where to stop. Ningdu is just like this, and he is worried. He is afraid of not being able to come under the sect of a great sage. I only rarely pay close attention to it. It is a violation of dignity and fear. Worship again. ▲ Guanzhi of ancient texts, letters, and expressions of anger. During the reigns of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang, they loved the people deeply, cared deeply about the people, and treated the world as gentlemen and elders. If there is a good deed, then you will appreciate it, and then sing and sigh about it, so you will enjoy the beginning and encourage the end. If there is a bad thing, punish it, and punish it with sorrow, so abandon the old and create a new one. Therefore, his voice of appeal to Yu, joyful, sad and sad, can be found in the books of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. After the death of Cheng and Kang, King Mu was established, and the Zhou Dynasty began to decline. However, he still ordered his minister Luhou to give him auspicious punishment. His words are sad but not hurtful, powerful but not angry, loving but able to judge, and compassionate but with a heart of pity for the innocent, so Confucius still has some ideas. "Biography" says: "Reward those who have doubts and obey them, so they are generous; punish those who have doubts and obey them, so they are careful in punishment. In the time of Yao, Gaotao was a scholar. When he was about to kill someone, Gaotao said "kill him" three times, and Yao said "Forgiveness" 3. Therefore, the world was afraid of Gaotao's firmness in enforcing the law, but liked Yao's lenient punishment. Yao didn't listen to Gao Tao's murder, but followed the four mountains and used Gun? However, the meaning of the sage can also be seen. "The Book" says: "The suspicion of guilt is only minor, and the suspicion of merit is serious." Rather than killing innocent people, it is better to lose them. "Ugh, it's all done. You can reward or you can not reward, but reward exceeds benevolence; you can punish, you can not punish, but punishment exceeds righteousness. If you exceed benevolence, you will not be a gentleman; if you exceed righteousness, it will flow into forbearance. People. Therefore, benevolence can be exceeded, but righteousness cannot be exceeded. In ancient times, rewards were not given with honors and salaries, and punishments were not punished with swords and saws.

Rewarding people with titles and salaries means that the way to reward them is to do what they add to their titles and salaries, but not to do what they do not add to them. Punishment is carried out with a knife and saw, because the power of punishment is applied to the places where the knife and saw can reach, but not to places beyond the reach of the knife and saw. The ancient kings knew that the good in the world cannot be rewarded, but titles and salaries are not enough to persuade them; they know that the evil in the world cannot be punished, but the sword and saw are not enough to cut it. Therefore, when there is doubt, we should raise it and attribute it to benevolence, treat the world in the way of a gentleman and an elder, and make the world follow the way of a gentleman and an elder. Therefore, it is said: Loyalty is the ultimate. "Poetry" says: "A gentleman is like a well-being, and the common people are in chaos. A gentleman is like an angry person, and they are in chaos, and they are frustrated." If the husband and the gentleman are in chaos, is there any other way to do it? At that time, he was happy and angry, but he did not lose his benevolence. The meaning of "Spring and Autumn" is that legislation requires strictness, while responsible people must be lenient. Because of its meaning of praise and blame, it is used to control rewards and punishments, and it is also extremely loyal. ——Song Dynasty·Su Shi's "The Theory of Honesty and Honesty in Punishment and Reward"

The Theory of Honesty and Honesty in Punishment and Reward

Song Dynasty: Su Shi

Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang , Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang, how deeply they loved the people, how deeply they cared about them, and how they treated the world as a gentleman and an elder. If there is a good deed, then you will appreciate it, and then sing and sigh about it, so you will enjoy the beginning and encourage the end. If there is a bad thing, punish it, and punish it with sorrow, so abandon the old and create a new one. Therefore, his voice of appeal to Yu, joyful, sad and sad, can be found in the books of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. Cheng and Kang were gone, King Mu was established, and Zhou Dao began to decline, but he still ordered his ministers to read more∨

How did Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, Cheng, and Kang love the people? He is deeply concerned about the people, and treats the world as a gentleman and an elder. If there is a good deed, then you will appreciate it, and then sing and sigh about it, so you will enjoy the beginning and encourage the end. If there is a bad thing, punish it, and punish it with sorrow, so abandon the old and create a new one. Therefore, his voice of appeal to Yu, joyful, sad and sad, can be found in the books of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou. After the death of Cheng and Kang, King Mu was established, and the Zhou Dynasty began to decline. However, he still ordered his minister Luhou to impose auspicious punishment on him. His words are sad but not hurtful, powerful but not angry, loving but able to judge, and compassionate but with a heart of pity for the innocent, so Confucius still has some ideas.

"Zhuan" says: "Rewarding doubts is followed, so we are generous; punishing doubts, so we are cautious about punishment. In the time of Yao, Gaotao was a scholar. When he was about to kill someone, Gaotao said: " "Kill him" three times, Yao said "forgive him" three times. Therefore, the world is afraid of Gaotao's firmness in enforcing the law, but is happy with Yao's lenient punishment. Siyue said "Gun can use it", Yao said "no, Gun ordered the Yao people", and then Said "Try it". Why did Yao not listen to Gao Tao's murder, but followed the four mountains and used Gun? Light, doubtful but heavy. Rather than killing innocent people, it is better to lose them. "Ugh, it's all done. You can reward or you can not reward, but the reward exceeds benevolence; you can punish, you can not punish, but the punishment exceeds righteousness. If you exceed benevolence, you will not be a gentleman; if you exceed righteousness, it will flow into forbearance. Human beings. Therefore, benevolence can be exceeded, but righteousness cannot be exceeded. In ancient times, rewards were not given with titles and salaries, and punishments were not punished with swords and swords. The punishment is to use the sword and the saw, because the power of punishment is applied to the areas that the sword and saw can reach, but not to the areas that the sword and saw cannot reach. It is not enough to judge. Therefore, when doubts are raised, it is due to benevolence, and the world is treated in the way of a gentleman and an elder, so that the world will follow the way of a gentleman and an elder.

< p> "Poetry" said: "A gentleman is like a good man, and the common people are in chaos. A gentleman is angry, and the common people are in chaos and frustrated. "The husband and the gentleman are already in chaos, how can there be any strange skills? They are happy and angry at that time, but they are just benevolent. The meaning of "Spring and Autumn" is that legislation values ????strictness, and responsibilities value lenient. Because of its meaning of praise and blame, it is used to control Rewards and punishments are also based on loyalty. ▲ According to ancient Chinese writings, policy commentators have heard: Those who seek the growth of trees must consolidate their roots; those who wish to flow far away must dredge up their springs; those who long for the safety of their country must accumulate their virtues. If the roots are not deep, look for the distance of the stream. If the roots are not strong, look for the growth of the tree. If the virtue is not strong, you will think about the governance of the country. Although the minister is a fool, he knows that he cannot do it, but how about the wise and wise man? If you are great, you will admire the heights of the sky, and you will never be afraid of danger. You will not be extravagant and frugal. Your virtues will not be strong, and your passion will be overwhelming. You will also cut down the roots in order to grow trees, and block the source in order to grow. (Looking at the country: Thinking of the country) All heads of state, who inherit the fate of heaven and earth, are always concerned about their success. The person who has a good beginning will be successful, and the person who can conquer the end will be too easy to win. Is it difficult to keep it? In the past, I had more than enough, but now I have not enough. When I am in Yinyou, I will treat my subordinates with all my heart. Once I have my ambition, I will indulge myself in pride; sincerity will make Wu and Yue one, and pride will lead to flesh and blood. Dong Zhi used harsh punishments and shocked him with power and anger, but in the end he refused to be benevolent, and he was courteous but not convinced. The resentment is not big, but the only thing to be feared is people. When the boat is overturned, it is advisable to be cautious.

How could it be careless if a running car has a rotten rope? As a ruler, if you can sincerely see what you want, then you will think about it and know enough to restrain yourself; when you are about to do something, you will think about knowing it to calm others; when you think about high dangers, you will think about being humble and rushing to shepherd yourself; when you are afraid of overflowing, you will think about the rivers and seas; and be happy. When you are wandering around, think about the three drives to overcome it; when you are worried and lazy, you think about starting carefully and respecting the end; when you are worried about obstruction, you think about being humble and accepting things; when you are afraid of slander and evil, you think about rectifying your body to get rid of evil; when you are grateful, you think about nothing. If you are happy, you will be rewarded with wrongdoing; if you are punished, you will be angry and punished indiscriminately. In summary, these ten thoughts have nine great virtues. If you are simple and can do whatever you can, and choose the good and follow it, then the wise will do their best, the brave will do their best, the benevolent will spread their benefits, and the trustworthy will follow their loyalty; civil and military affairs will compete, and the monarch and his ministers will have nothing to do. , you can enjoy the joy of traveling in Henan, you can support the longevity of pine trees and trees, and you can play the piano and hang the bow, it goes without saying. Why bother to think hard, perform duties on behalf of others, and serve smart eyes and ears? This is a failure of the great path of inaction? ——Tang Dynasty·Wei Zheng's "Ten Thoughts on Remonstrance to Emperor Taizong"

Ten Thoughts on Remonstration to Emperor Taizong

Tang Dynasty: Wei Zheng

I heard: Seek the growth of trees Those who want to flow far must consolidate their roots; those who want to flow far must dredge up their springs; those who think about the security of the country must accumulate their virtues and righteousness. The source is not deep, but the stream is far away; the roots are not solid, but the tree is long; the virtue is not strong, but the governance of the country is thought of. Although the minister is a fool, he knows that it is impossible, but what is the difference between being wise and wise? The ruler of human beings should be the most important of the divine weapons, and he should be as large as possible in his domain. He will respect the heights of the heavens, and he will never be able to rest without borders. Don't think about living in peace and be prepared for danger, abstain from extravagance and be frugal, your virtue is not strong enough, and your passion is too strong to overcome your desires, so you also cut down the roots in order to seek the growth of trees. The roots must be consolidated; those who wish to flow far must dredge up their springs; those who long for the security of the country must accumulate their virtues and righteousness. The source is not deep, but the stream is far away; the roots are not solid, but the tree is long; the virtue is not strong, but the governance of the country is thought of. Although the minister is a fool, he knows that it is impossible, but what is the difference between being wise and wise? The ruler of human beings should be the most important of the divine weapons, and he should be as large as possible in his domain. He will respect the heights of the heavens, and he will never be able to rest without borders. Don't think about living in peace and be prepared for danger, abstain from extravagance and be frugal, your virtue is not strong enough, and your passion is too strong to overcome your desires. This is also the case of cutting down the roots in order to grow trees, blocking the source in order to have a long flow. (Wang Guo Yi: Thinking of the Country)

All heads of state, who are destined to inherit the destiny of the sky, all talk about it without worry. When success is achieved, virtue will decline. Those who have a good beginning will be successful, and those who can overcome the end will overwhelm the few. . Is it easier to get it than to keep it? In the past we had more than enough, but now we have less than enough. Why? When a husband is in Yin worry, he must serve his subordinates wholeheartedly. Once he has achieved his ambition, he will indulge in pride. Sincerity will make Wu and Yue become one, and pride will lead to flesh and blood. Although Dong Zhi punished him severely and shocked him with power and anger, he still refused to be benevolent and was respectful but not convinced. Resentment is not big, but people can be feared; carrying a boat and overturning it, it is advisable to be cautious. How could it be careless if a running car has a rotten rope? Ancient Chinese essays, high school classical Chinese essays, admonishment and reasoning