Zhang Hengchuan.
Ping Zi, Zhang Heng, was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang. Hengshan Mountain belongs to the literature and swims in the third auxiliary. Because when I entered the capital, I saw imperial academy, learned the Five Classics and thoroughly understood the Six Arts. Although only above the world, there is no arrogance. Often leisurely, it is not easy to make laymen. In Yongyuan, filial piety is not good, even building a house is not good. The world is long, since the princes are next, there is no shortage. Heng Nai intends to ban Gu Er Du and write Er Du Fu because of its satirical admonition. If you think about it carefully, you will succeed in ten years. General Deng Zhi is so talented that he shouldn't be called when he is tired.
Good balance, smart, especially thinking about astronomy, yin and yang, calendar calculation. Andy heard about Hengshan's medical skills and the characteristics of bus worshipping doctors, so he moved to Taishiling. So he studied Yin and Yang, made a wonderful machine, made an armillary sphere, and wrote Lingxian and Analects of Confucius, which were very detailed.
At the beginning of Shun Di, he turned around and became a formal monk. If you don't envy the present world, the officials of the world you live in will not migrate for several years. It has been five years since I left my post as a historian.
In the first year of Yangjia, the seismograph after the wind was rebuilt. It is made of copper and has a diameter of eight feet. It is covered and raised in the shape of a wine statue, a turtle decorated with seal script, a bird and a beast. All of them are pillars, eight-way, and the engine is turned off. There are eight dragons outside. The first one is a copper pill, and the next one is a toad. Open your mouth and accept it. Its teeth are cleverly made, all hidden in respect, and its coverage is endless. If there is an earthquake, the statue will shake the dragon, the machine will spit out pills and the toad will hold it. The vibration was so exciting that the waiters noticed it. Although Yilong started the engine, Qige didn't move, and the air was full of places that knew about the earthquake. Test it with something, it is like a god. Since it is recorded in the book, there is nothing left. After tasting the opportunity of Yi Long, I didn't know its meaning, and the scholars in the capital blamed it for its lack of levy. A few days later, the post arrived, and there was an earthquake in Longxi. Everyone was convinced. Since then, it has made historians remember what to do.
When political affairs are gradually damaged and power moves to the lower level, the balance is based on the past. ?
After moving clothes, the emperor led the way and satirized the discussion. Ask the sick and evil people in the world. Eunuchs are afraid of themselves, all of them are * * *, and the balance is specious. I'm afraid I'll be castrated eventually, so I swear. Always thinking about the body, thinking that good or bad depends on the body, which is difficult to understand. It was written as "Fu Xuan" to express feelings.
At the beginning of Yonghe, it was a river phase. At that time, the king was arrogant and disobeyed the constitution; How arrogant, * * * is not good. Weigh the car, rule the majesty, improve the statutes, know the name of the traitor by Yin, and gather birds for a while, which is called politics. For three years, I have written to beg for bones and worship ministers. In sixty-two, Yonghe died in four years.
Translation:
Zhang Heng, a native of Nanyang County. Zhang Heng was good at writing articles when he was young. Sanjie? I traveled around, and then I went to imperial academy to study, so I became familiar with the Five Classics and Six Arts. Although my talent is higher than the world, I am not arrogant. He is always steady, indifferent and quiet, and doesn't like to associate with ordinary secular people. In the first year of Yongzheng, he was chosen as Xiaolian, but it should not be recommended. He was called up by the government many times and did not take office. At this time, the society was peaceful for a long time, and there was no extravagance from princes and nobles to ordinary officials. Zhang Heng then imitated Ban Gu's Du Du Fu and wrote Du Jing Fu to satirize and remonstrate (the imperial court). It took ten years to finish (this poem, he) carefully conceived and polished. General Deng Zhi thought he was a wizard, and repeatedly called him up, but he didn't respond.
Zhang Heng is good at ingenious thinking in instrument manufacturing, especially in astronomy, meteorology and calendar calculation. Han Andi often heard that he was good at mathematics, so he ordered the bus to recruit him and appointed him as a doctor. Moved to Taishiling twice. Therefore, Zhang Heng carefully studied and inspected Yin and Yang studies (including astronomy, meteorology and calendar), brilliantly studied the correct principles of astronomical instruments, made armymen, and wrote books such as Lingxian and Suanjing, which were extremely detailed.
In the early years of (Korea), (Zhang Heng) was transferred to Taishiling twice. If Zhang Heng didn't curry favor with those dignitaries at that time, his official position would not be promoted for many years. It has been five years since he left Taishiling, and he has returned here.
In Yangjiayuan, Shun Di, Zhang Heng made a seismograph for waiting for the wind. This seismograph is made of pure copper and has a diameter of 8 feet. The upper and lower parts are covered together, and the middle is raised, which looks like a big wine sculpture. The outside is decorated with seal characters and patterns of mountains, turtles, birds and animals. There is a thick copper column in the center of the interior, eight slideways extend around the copper column, and a hub is installed to stir the parts. There are eight dragons outside. Longkou each contains a copper pill, and there is a toad under the faucet, with its mouth open, ready to catch the copper pill spit out by Longkou. The hub and parts of the musical instrument are beautifully made, and they are all hidden in the wine-shaped musical instrument, which is tightly covered without any gaps. If there is an earthquake, the dragon outside the instrument will vibrate, the mechanism will start, the dragon mouth will spit out copper pills, and the toad below will catch them. The sound of Tongmaru earthquake was crisp and loud, so the people waiting for the plane learned the news of the earthquake. When the earthquake happened, only one stop mechanism was started, and the other seven faucets did not move at all. According to the direction pointed by the vibrating faucet, we can know the direction of the earthquake. The actual earthquake is used to test the instruments, which are completely consistent with each other and really effective. Judging from the records of ancient books, there is no such instrument. Once a one-stop mechanism was launched, but Luoyang did not feel the earthquake, and scholars in Beijing were surprised that it did not come true this time. A few days later, the courier from the post office came to prove that there was an earthquake in Longxi, and everyone was amazed at the wonder of the seismograph. After that, the court instructed the historian to record the location of each earthquake according to the seismograph.
At that time, politics was dark and the central power was transferred downwards, so Zhang Heng wrote to the emperor to state these things. Later, he was promoted to an auxiliary middle school, and the emperor let him enter the palace to make suggestions on national politics around the emperor. The emperor once asked Zhang Heng, who does the world hate? The eunuch was afraid that Zhang Heng would tell them that they all winked at him, so Zhang Heng didn't tell the truth to the emperor. But after all, those officials were afraid that Zhang Heng would become a disaster, so they slandered him together. Zhang Heng often thinks about his own safety. He thinks that blessing is related to misfortune, which is deep and subtle and difficult to see clearly. So he wrote "Fu Xuan" to express and entrust his feelings.
(Han Shundi) In the early years of Yonghe, Zhang Heng was transferred from the capital and became the king of Hejian. At that time, Hejian Wang was arrogant and extravagant, and did not abide by the system and laws; There are also many rich children who run amok with Hejian Wang. After Zhang Heng came to power, strict governance and rectification of laws and regulations made it possible to secretly find out the names of traitors. At the same time, he was arrested and detained, so he respected obedience and praised the good handling of political affairs. (Zhang Heng) worked in Hejian for three years, and wrote a letter to the imperial court, demanding to resign and go home. The imperial court appointed him as an official. Zhang Heng lived sixty-two years and Yu Yonghe died in four years.
Appreciation of works:
This article is a typical biography, which comprehensively describes Zhang Heng's life and many talents in science, politics, literature and other fields. Moreover, it is meticulous and outstanding, focusing on his contribution to science, which runs through the author's sincere admiration for Zhang Heng's moral character. Clear-cut, well-organized, a well-read, calm and indifferent scholar image comes into view. This article can be divided into three parts.
The first part is paragraph 1 of the article. Describe Zhang Heng's academic, moral and literary achievements. The first two sentences describe Zhang Heng's name, birthplace and family background in the form of biographies of historical figures. Then he introduced his literary attainments. ? Literature is not very good? It shows that he has a congenital' endowment'. What else? Traveling in Sanfu, because of going to Beijing and seeing imperial academy? It shows that he pays attention to social practice. It is precisely because he laid such a deep and solid foundation when he was young and constantly improved himself that he was able to? Pass five classics and six arts? . Describing it? Only? Followed by a description of its advantages. ? Although he is superior, he tends to be calm and not easy to make friends with laymen. ? It has the character of modesty, steadiness and transcendence, and the author uses it both in the face of the ruler's actions. No? Is it just? I don't think so. Such words show that he doesn't admire Li Rong's noble character. Erjing Fu further confirmed his literary talent and spirit of intensive research.
The second part, the second to fourth paragraphs, introduces Zhang Heng's scientific and technological achievements. This paper mainly introduces the structure and function of the seismograph. The second and third paragraphs summarize Zhang Heng's achievements in science as a whole, including scientific inventions and theoretical works. When introducing its specialties, it is linked with its officials, which reflects the causal relationship between them. The fourth paragraph focuses on the seismograph, which can represent its achievements. Although the introduction of the seismograph is less than 200 words, it describes the manufacturing time, texture, size, shape, internal and external structure, decoration and function in detail. And the words are concise and plain. For example, when introducing structural characteristics? Medium? Beside? Outside? Next? According to the order of the four locative words, from inside to outside and from top to bottom, write the structural features concisely and clearly. With what? Like wine? Describe its shape very vividly and concretely. Test it with something. What if it's a god? Exaggerated descriptions and? Since it is recorded in the book, what else is there? The company's enthusiastic appreciation focused on describing the accuracy of the instrument. Finally, attach vivid and interesting events to verify its efficacy, so that the article can reveal its feelings in a plain way.
The third part, the fifth and sixth paragraphs, introduces Zhang Heng's political talent. The article only selects two things as the starting point. First, the origin of Si shows Zhang Heng's thoughtful and cautious ideological image. The first is his struggle with traitors when he became a Hejian man. ? Yin knows the name of the traitor and collects poultry for a while? Show their political wisdom. Awe, called politics? Show its outstanding achievements. Although there is little pen and ink in this way, it has written an honest official who is truly affectionate and righteous, with both form and spirit.
Concise and clear language is the outstanding feature of this paper. The author seldom uses adjectives when writing, tries to grasp historical facts, and cherishes ink as gold when describing, without repeating a word. However, there are some wonderful things in the plain spirit, such as a vivid description in The Seismograph after the Wind, which shows that the author has his own hills and valleys in his chest, so he can be simple, decent and flexible. Only in this way can the major events in many fields in Zhang Heng's life be clearly and methodically explained.
Brief introduction of Zhang Heng:
Zhang Heng (78 ~ 139) was a scientist, writer and politician in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China. The word Ping Zi. He was born in Xi 'e, Nanyang, Henan (now Nanyang, Henan). Emperor Han 'an was born in a famous family. He worked as a doctor in Luoyang in the fifth year of Yong (1 1) and was promoted to assistant minister of Shangshu in the first year of Yuan (1 14). From the second year of Yuan Dynasty, he served as the official of Taishiling twice, from *** 14.
In astronomy, the Huntian theory in China's ancient cosmology is the representative. There are three theories about the structure of the universe in Han Dynasty: Gaitian theory, Huntian theory and Michelle Ye theory. Zhang Heng believes that the sky is like an eggshell, the earth is like an egg yolk, the sky is very small, and heaven and earth stand by and watch the air and water float together. People think that the universe outside the eggshell is infinite. Before the world was divided, it was chaos. After separation, the light rises to the sky and the heavy condenses to the ground. The sky is yang and the earth is yin. The two gases interact and create everything. Gasification from the earth to the stars. These understandings of the origin of the universe have simple dialectical thoughts of change and development. Correctly point out? Moonlight was born in the sun? The moon itself does not shine, and moonlight is the reflection of the sun's light. Correctly explaining the cause of the eclipse is that the moon enters the shadow of the earth. Invented the world's first large-scale astronomical instrument driven by water to observe stars? The armillary sphere? The elephant (celestial globe) and the time leaky pot are combined by gear system to make a celestial globe, which is used to demonstrate the change of the starry sky and explain the theory of the celestial globe. He is the author of Ling County, Ling County Map and Huntianyi Illustration. Draw a complete star map.
In seismology, he paid attention to observation practice and personally designed and manufactured the world's first instrument for detecting earthquakes-the waiting wind seismograph. Earlier than Europe 1700 years. (However, the advanced unearthed seismograph was not made by Zhang Heng, but copied by scientists in the 1950s. During the Wenchuan and Yushu earthquakes, the beads in the faucet mouth did not fall. It is said that Sina has also been copied. )
In geography, how is a complete topographic map drawn and made? Compass? , automatic? Remember to drum up the car? Wait a minute.
In meteorology, creating? Meteorological instrument? The forecast of wind force and direction is earlier than that of Xifeng Shinji 1000 years.
Mechanically, how many miles can it fly? A flying eagle? It is the earliest airplane in the world.
We also made an unearthed GUI (Sun Shader) and measured it ourselves. The angular diameter of the sun and the moon is 1/736 Sunday, which is 29 minutes and 24 seconds. According to observation statistics, 2 500 stars can be seen in the Central Plains. He advocated that the calendar reform should be based on astronomical observation results, and strongly opposed the idealistic practice of attaching the calendar to divination at that time.
Also, Ruilun pod is an automatic calendar created by Zhang Heng. It imitates the characteristics of strange trees and pods in mythology. Through the action of running water, a leaf appears from the first day of each month to the full moon, with 15, and then one leaf is collected every day until the end of the month. This myth reflects the progress of astronomical calendar in the era of Emperor Yao. Zhang Heng's mechanical device was invented under the inspiration of this myth. Listen? A full moon night, according to the calendar? , its function is equivalent to the date display in today's clocks and watches.
In mathematics, he wrote ling xian and arithmetic, and calculated pi from 3. 1466 to 3. 1622. = 10(=3. 1622)。 Earlier than Europe 1300 years.
In literature, there are Erjing Fu (Tokyo Fu, Xijing Fu), Guitian Fu, Simultaneous Song, Sixuan Fu and so on.
In art, Zhang Heng, Zhao Qi, Liu Bao, Cai Yu, Liu Dan and Yang Lu ranked first among the six masters in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
* * * There are 32 works on science, philosophy and literature. Zhang Heng's works include Zhang He's Bamboo Slips and all the records of the ancient three dynasties, the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Six Dynasties collected in Qing Yan Kejunji. 1956, Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for Zhang Heng's Tomb rebuilt in Nanyang. Such a comprehensive development figure is also rare in the world. ? Later generations named the craters and asteroids on the back of the moon at 1 12 degrees east longitude and 19 degrees north latitude as Zhangheng crater and Zhangheng asteroid to commemorate his contribution to astronomy.
Biography: Biography and narrative content is a person's life story.
Biography should highlight the characteristics of biography, not only introduce the names and places of origin of the characters, but also choose the most representative events in their lives and describe their influence on society. The basic characteristics of biography: detailed and typical written records and simple and vivid literary color.
Biography types: autobiography, biography, short biography, critical biography, other biographies, foreign biographies, etc. This article is a commentary (not only describing the deeds of the characters, but also commenting and discussing their ideological status, background of the times, development process of their thoughts and their contribution to mankind).