Materialism: The essence of the world is matter. There is matter first and then consciousness. Matter determines consciousness. Consciousness is the reflection of matter (matter is primary and consciousness is secondary)

Xunzi of the Warring States Period: "Heaven and earth unite and all things come into being, and yin and yang connect and change occurs."

Wang Chong of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Heaven and earth unite and all things come into being."

Fan Zhen of the Southern Dynasty: "Shape If the spirit exists, the spirit will disappear."

Wang Fuzhi of the Ming Dynasty said: "Qi is the basis of principle." "The only way in the world is to use tools." Utensils have no way.”

Idealism: The essence of the world is consciousness. It is not matter that determines consciousness, but consciousness that determines matter (the primary nature of consciousness, the secondary nature of matter)

①Subjective idealism: the world Created and determined by human consciousness.

Song Dynasty philosopher Lu Xiangshan: "The universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe."

Ming Dynasty philosopher Wang Yangming: "There is nothing outside the heart."

Engels

British philosopher Berkeley: To exist is to be perceived. Objects are "combinations of feelings" and "collections of ideas".

"When the eyes are open, the flowers will be bright; when the eyes are closed, the flowers will be silent."

②Objective idealism: The world is created and determined by some kind of god or elusive absolute concept.

Philosopher Zhu Xi of the Song Dynasty: "Principle comes first."

Plato: The world is the shadow of "idea".

Hegel: The essence of the world is the independent existence of "absolute spirit".