/kloc-at the end of 0/9, Russia was a great writer of critical realism, a humorous satirist with meaningful interest and sharp writing style, a master of short stories and a famous playwright.

Chekhov was born in an ordinary citizen family. After his father's grocery store went bankrupt, he finished high school as a tutor, 1879 studied medicine at Moscow University, 1884 began to write literature after graduation.

Most of his early works are short stories, such as Fat Man and Thin Man (1883), Death of a Little Civil Servant (1883), Distress (1886) and Wanka (1886). However, in The Chameleon and Sergeant Priscilla Beyev (1885), the author lashed the slaves who faithfully defended tyranny and their ugly faces, revealing the reactionary spiritual characteristics of the dark ages. 1890, after he visited Sakhalin Island, the exile place of political prisoners, he created works that showed major social problems, such as "The Sixth District" (1892), which was a work that lashed out at the czar's tyranny. Lenin was shocked after reading this novel. A House with an Attic (1896) exposes the Russian society's destruction of people's youth, talent and happiness, and satirizes the reformist activities of liberal local autonomy associations. The Farmer (1897) describes the extremely poor living conditions of the peasants in 1980s and 1990s, showing his concern and sympathy for their tragic fate, while The Canyon reveals the vicious exploitation of the rich peasants, reflecting the infiltration of capitalism into the countryside, indicating that the author has included the expression of Russian social class struggle in his creative theme. At the bride (65438+)

Chekhov turned to drama creation in his later period. His main works include Ivanov (1887), Seagull (1896), Uncle Vanya (1896) and Three Sisters (190/kloc). His plays are full of lyrical flavor and rich subtext, which is memorable. Although the script story is based on daily life, with simple plot and smooth progress, it is full of profound symbolic significance.

His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language, full of musical rhythm and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image to reflect the Russian society at that time. His representative works The Chameleon and The Man in the Trap are exquisite and perfect artistic treasures in the history of Russian literature. The former has become synonymous with have it both ways who is good at profiteering in disguise. The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change.

Chekhov added two immortal artistic images to the gallery of world literary figures with his outstanding satirical and humorous talents. His famous saying "Simplicity is the sister of genius" has also become the motto pursued by later writers.

Chekhov had great affection for the people of China. He asked Gorky to visit China together, but he failed to do so because of his long illness. 1904 July 15 died of lung disease.

Voynich (1864 ~ 1960) is a British woman writer. Father George Poole is a famous mathematician. Voynich studied in Italy in his early years. 1885, she graduated from Berlin Conservatory of Music in Germany and spent two years in Russia, where she met Russian populists of the Petersburg Revolutionary Group and took an active part in their activities. She once risked her life to visit revolutionaries imprisoned by the czar and pass on propaganda materials between Russia and Britain. These works have accumulated a lot of first-hand information for her later literary creation. After returning to England, she met Mi Le Voynich, a Polish revolutionary who escaped from the exile of the czar, and married him on 1892. During this period, she also met some famous people such as Engels, herzen and plekhanov. In addition to keeping in touch with the Popular Party, she also contacted a large number of Italians through her husband's relationship. Out of admiration for the dedication of these revolutionaries, she decided to write a book reflecting their struggle life. The gadfly came out. Later, she also wrote novels with similar themes, such as The Gadfly in Exile, but her ideological content and artistic achievements were not as good as those of the Gadfly. In his later years, Voynich moved to America, turned to music creation and died in a lonely seclusion.

Edmondo de amicis was born in Negria on 1846. After finishing high school in Turin, he entered a military academy in Modena for further study. The training methods in military schools have a great influence on the formation of his outlook on life and world. In the later days, he always thought that this was the only way for him to learn how to be self-disciplined and how to get along with others before he entered the society. This can be seen in many of his works.

De Armitage's writing career is also closely related to his military complex. His first book, La vita militare, was published in 1868, which was based on his personal experience in the Battle of Coustosa. At that time, he was a lieutenant in the war. During the war, he recorded his experiences in the form of stories, which later became an important part of the book Military Life. It was the success of this book that inspired his great enthusiasm for creation, which enabled him to continue on the road of literature and news reporting and become a professional contributor to the publication "The Country" (1aNazione) in Florence, Italy.

The Education of Love is the most famous work of Edmund de Amicus. It is as famous as Prometheus by the famous Italian writer alessandro manzoni, and is considered as one of the ten novels that modern Italians must read. At the same time, in the minds of Italians, it is also one of the ten greatest novels in Italy in the19th century.

This is a children's literature for the purpose of education. It preaches great patriotism: praising the lofty feelings of unity and friendship between people; It encourages people to eliminate class concepts and strive to achieve mutual respect and equality among people from all walks of life. Until 1950s, "education of love" has been an indispensable part of the growth of Italian teenagers.

Enrico, the hero of the novel, is an Italian boy who has just entered the fourth grade of primary school. He was born in a nutritious intellectual family. Due to the great influence of his father, he worked hard in his studies and was sincere and friendly in his life. He is an excellent middle-class teenager. In the book, he recorded the dribs and drabs of his whole school year life from the perspective of a child and in the form of a diary. Although the campus is the stage for most stories in the book, from such a small window, we can see a microcosm of Italy at that time. Derossi, who is excellent in character and knowledge, and Votini, who is arrogant, also come from the rich middle class. The former is sincere, simple and approachable, while the latter is arrogant. As representatives of civilian students, garrone and Croce are heroes who distinguish right from wrong and dare to fight evil in the hearts of the weak. The other is lively and lovely, and helped his parents shoulder the burden of life at an early age. If Garoff's business and cleverness make people laugh, then Franti's cold heart and ugly face will make all people who read this book look down on him. Although hundreds of years have passed since the author outlined the images of these children with simple and plain brushstrokes, they really seem to live around us. Perhaps this is the real reason why this book has not been forgotten by people for decades.

In addition to Enrico's diary, The Education of Love is also interspersed with some letters written by Enrico's parents and sister Sylvia, as well as nine-month stories that the teacher asked the children to dictate. If these letters are deeply branded with the times, let them